Ulwahlulo lweeprojekthi. Umxholo kunye nokuhlelwa kweeprojekthi

Ingqalelo yakho inikezwa uluhlu olubanzi lweeprojekthi kwiindawo ezahlukahlukeneyo. Uya kufumanisa ukuba zeziphi iintlobo zazo, indlela ezahlukileyo ngayo. Okokuqala, sinika inkcazelo ebalulekileyo ukuze sibe nombono wento ekhoyo.

Le projekthi yinkqubo eyinkqubo eyinkqubo ejolise ekutshintsheni iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zobomi bomntu. Emazweni athuthukileyo nakwamanye amazwe ase-USSR yangaphambili, le ngcamango ihluke kakhulu, kwaye ukuhlelwa kweeprojekthi ngamanye amaxesha kuneziganeko zayo (jonga icandelo "Iiprojekthi zentengiso").

Ngokwindalo yendabuko yegama, le projekthi ithetha:

1) Injongo, imbono, injongo.

2) Inkcazo, ukumelwa, umfanekiso wesinye into (engekho izinto okanye izinto) kwiphepha okanye nakwezinye izinto.

Yintoni iquka le projekthi?

Iingcamango zalo kwiindawo eziphuhlisiweyo zaseNtshona zibanzi kunokuba zamukelwe apha. Ngokomzekelo, i-American Institute for Management Project iyakuchaza njengomsebenzi kunye nedatha yasekuqaleni, kwakunye neenjongo ezifunekayo (iziphumo) ezichonga indlela yokuyicombulula. Nakhu, ke, akuthethi ngantoni na indlela ekhoyo ekuphunyezweni kweprojekthi. Ukongezelela, indlela yokusombulula ingxaki ethile ayisoloko izimisele kwaye kungekhona kuphela iinjongo (iziphumo) zesisombululo sayo. Ngoko ke, sinokuthi le projekthi ibandakanya:

Injongo (umsebenzi, ingxaki);

- Iindlela zesisombululo (ukuphunyezwa);

- Iinjongo (iziphumo).

Iziphumo zeprojekthi

Le projekthi ngentsingiselo ebanzi yinto engatshintsha nantoni ehlabathini, ebomini. Iziphumo zakhe kule ngcamango zingabalulekanga (umbutho, ukwakhiwa, isakhiwo, umveliso, njl.), Kunye ne-abstract (amava, ulwazi, iindlela, izicwangciso, njl.). Ukuba siyicinga njengenkqubo eguqukayo, sinokuhlukanisa:

- ngoku (iteknoloji, amaxwebhu, njl.);

- yokugqibela (inzuzo, imveliso, njl.).

Ngokuqhelekileyo iprojekthi kunye neziphumo zayo zihanjiswa ngendlela yenkqubo yeenjongo, oko kuthetha ukuba iphrojekthi yinkqubo. Ngamanye amazwi, ludibaniso lwezinto ezihlukeneyo kunye nokudibanisa okuvela phakathi kwabo, okuqinisekisa ukufezekiswa kweenjongo ezithile.

Izizathu onokuzibeka kuzo iiprojekthi

Ukwahlulelwa kweeprojekthi kungenziwa ngeendlela zokuphunyezwa, umlinganiselo, umgangatho wophuhliso lwabo nokuphunyezwa, indawo yokuphunyezwa, ubungakanani bezixhobo ezisetyenziswayo. Iindidi zeentlobo zazo zikhulu kakhulu kunene. Ukuhlelwa kweeprojekthi kunezizathu ezilandelayo:

- Isakhiwo, ukubunjwa kweprojekthi kunye nomxholo oza kugqiba iklasi;

Inqanaba lomsebenzi, apho lenziwa khona, luchaza uhlobo lwayo;

- ubungakanani beprojekthi, inani labathathi-nxaxheba, kunye neqondo lokuphatha kwayo kwihlabathi elijikelezile, ukugqiba umlinganiselo walo;

- ubude bokuphunyezwa, ukugqiba ixesha layo;

I-degree of technology, yemali, inhlangano, ubuchwepheshe kunye nezinye izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi.

Projects Projects

Iindidi zeeprojekthi zilandelayo: inhlangano, ezentlalo, ezoqoqosho, ezobugcisa kunye ezixutywe. Iiprojekthi zentlangano zidla ngokudibanisa nokuhlaziywa kwamashishini akhona, kunye nokudala ibhizinisi elitsha, inhlangano, iqumrhu lezorhwebo, ukuphunyezwa kwesiganeko (seminar, iindibano, iforum, inkomfa, njl.). Iinkalo eziphambili zilandelayo:

- Iinjongo zeprojekthi zichazwe, kodwa kunzima ukulinganisa, kuba zijolise ekuphuculeni umbutho weenkqubo;

- ixesha lokuphunyezwa kunye nomhla wokugqibela uhlelwe ngaphambili;

Izibonelelo zabelwe ngokwanokwenzeka;

- iindleko zeprojekthi enjalo zilawulwa ngokunyamekela ngokucokisekileyo ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga ukusetyenziswa kwazo kwezoqoqosho, ngokuqhelekileyo ukulungiswa kuyadingeka kwinkqubo yokuphunyezwa.

Iinkalo zeeprojekthi zezoqoqosho

Ukuhlelwa kweentlobo zeeprojekthi kufakazela ngakumbi ezoqoqosho. Zijolise ekuhlaziyweni kwamashishini, ukucwangcisa, ukucocisa, ukuphucula imigaqo yenkcubeko, inkqubo yerhafu, njl njl. Iinkalo zabo zilandelayo:

Iinjongo zokuqala eziphambili zicetywayo, ezinokulungiswa ngexesha lokuphunyezwa;

- ixesha leprojekthi, kunye neendawo zayo, zihlala zilungiswa;

- iindleko zithatyathwa ngokukhawuleza, nangona zigcinwe ngokukhawuleza kwaye ziqhubeka zihlolwe.

Iinkalo zeeprojekthi zentlalo

Iiprojekthi zeNtlalo zijolise ekuxazululeni iingxaki ezithile zentlalo. Ngokomzekelo, kukuphucula umthetho wepenshoni, ukhuseleko loluntu, ukupheliswa kwemiphumo yokuhlaselwa kweentlalo kunye neemeko zendalo. Kukho eminye imizekelo. Kukho uluhlu oluhlukileyo lweeprojekthi zezenhlalakahle, kodwa zonke zinempawu eziqhelekileyo ezilandelayo:

- iinjongo zichazwe ngokubanzi, kodwa njengoko ziphuhlisiwe, ziyahlengahlengiswa ukuphumeza iziphumo ezithile eziphakathi, uvavanyo olulinganisiweyo nolunganisekileyo luba nzima;

- kubini ubude bexesha kunye nexesha alikwazi ukucaciswa ngokucacileyo, ngoko banalo uhlobo olunokwenzeka;

- izibonelelo zanikwa iprojekthi njengoko kuyimfuneko, nangona kunjalo kwisakhelo somntu onokwenzeka.

Ukungaqiniseki ngokukodwa kukuchanekileyo iiprojekthi zolu hlobo.

Iiprojekthi zobuchwepheshe

Zidibene nokuphuhliswa kwemveliso emitsha (uhlobo, uhlobo, ukuyila). Iimpawu zazo zilandelayo:

- Iinjongo eziphambili zichazwe ngokucacileyo, nangona iindawo ezizodwa zingachazwa njengoko ziphunyeziwe;

- ubude, imihla yokugqiba ichazwe ngokucacileyo kwangaphambili kwaye, ukuba kunokwenzeka, ziyabonwa, kodwa utshintsho alukhutshwa ngaphandle;

- iindleko zicwangciswe ngokucacileyo;

- izithintelo ekuphunyezweni kweprojekthi kunye nokucwangciswa kwayo kuhambelana ngokukodwa nomda wemandla wokuvelisa.

I-Mono-, i-multi-and-megaprojects

Ukuhlelwa kweeprojekthi kwenza kube lula ukuhlula ezi ntlobo zilandelayo: i-megaproject, iphrojekthi kunye ne-monoproject.

I-Monoproject iyiprojekthi eyahlukileyo yohlobo, uhlobo kunye nohlobo. Iprojekthi eninzi yinkimbinkimbi, iquka ezininzi iiprojekthi. Kwaye, ekugqibeleni, i-megaproject yinkqubo ekujoliswe kuyo ekuphuhliseni amashishini kunye nemimandla. Iquka ezininzi iimveliso kunye neemveliso ezininzi.

Ububanzi beeprojekthi

Njengoko ubona, isihloko esithi "Ukwahlula kweeprojekthi kunye neentlobo" kukhulu kakhulu. Ukuqhubela phambili ukuchazwa kwayo, siyaqhubeka kwisiseko esilandelayo sohlelo. Kuyakwazi ukuqeshisa i-megaproject kunye ncinane (iphrojekthi-mini). Ukwahlulelwa kweli phepha lwenziwa kwinqanaba. Umncinci omncinci umncinci, ulungelelaniso olulula, unenani elincinci labathathi-nxaxheba. Uninzi lwezinto ezinokuthi zenzeke lula xa uphuhliso kwaye ufezekisa:

- umntu omnye wenza ulungelelaniso lwemisebenzi;

- amalungu eqela lolawulo le projekthi ayatshintshana;

- iishedyuli eziphunyeziweyo kakhulu;

- ngalinye ilungu leqela liyazi ubuninzi bomsebenzi kunye nemisebenzi;

- le projekthi isebenzisa ukwakheka okufanayo kwabaqhubi (amaqela), owaqala ukusebenza kuwo, wenza uphuhliso, ucwangciso, kwaye uyilo.

Iimpawu zemihlaba

IiMapaprojects zijoliswe kwiinkqubo. Ziqulethwe ezininzi ezincinci ezidibeneyo kwaye zihlangene kunye nenjongo enye, ixesha lokuphunyezwa kunye nezibonelelo. Ezi nkqubo ezijoliswe kuzo zingabandakanywa, kummandla, kumacandelo, kumacandelo, kwilizwe nakwamanye amazwe. Amakhulu amabhiliyoni eedola ayafikelela kuhlahlo lwabiwo-mali, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha nangakumbi. Ezi nkqubo ziququzelelwe kwaye zakhiwe kumanqanaba angaphandle kunye noluntu. Iiminyaka emi-5-7, kwaye ngamanye amaxesha amaninzi angabangela ixesha lokuphunyezwa kwazo. Akuyona ingozi yokuba sibakhethe, sichaza isihloko esichazwe njengeeprojekthi. Ulawulo lweprojekthi lolu hlobo luyinkimbinkimbi, kuba lufuna ukuqwalaselwa kwezinto ezininzi.

Ezi zinto zilandelayo zivela kuzo:

- ubukho beentlobo ezahlukeneyo zabasebenzi abazodwa kwiimpawu ezahlukeneyo zomsebenzi, ngoko ke kukho isidingo sokulungelelanisa izenzo zabo;

Ukubalwa kwemali yeemeko zentlalo nezoqoqosho ukuze kuphunyezwe le projekthi kwindawo ethile kwaye ngexesha elithile;

- ukuchongwa kwisigaba esizimeleyo sokuphuhliswa kwengcamango yaso;

Ukuhlaziywa kwezigaba ezahlukeneyo zokuphunyezwa kwesicwangciso seprojekthi yokuqala;

Ukuqwalaselwa kobuqhetseba kunye nobungcali;

- isidingo sokuphuhlisa izicwangciso ezahlukeneyo zokuphunyezwa kwayo - zombini ukusebenza kunye neqhinga;

Ukuqwalaselwa kwamagunya okubonakalisa ubunzima beendlela ezikhoyo kunye nobungozi;

Ukubeka esweni rhoqo le projekthi, kunye nokuhlaziya izinto zayo.

Ukwahlulelwa ngexesha

Ukuqwalasela ngesihloko esithi "Ukwahlulelwa kweeprojekthi kunye neentlobo zazo," kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ixesha lingahlukana libe lifutshane, eliphakathi kunye nexesha elide.

Ixesha elifutshane (ukufikelela kwiminyaka emi-2) libonakaliswe kukuba umthengi unomdla ekugqityweni ngokukhawuleza kweli projekthi, ngoko ke ukwandisa ngokunyanisekileyo inani lalo. Ngexesha elifanayo, ukunika ingxelo kuncitshisiwe, inani elincinci leenkonkontileka libandakanyeka emsebenzini, iishedyuli ezisetyenziselwa ukusetyenziswa, umntu omnye unyanzelekile, kwaye utshintsho ekuphunyezweni luncinci. Iiprojekthi eziphakathi kunye nexesha elide alinayo izixhobo ezinjalo.

Izinto zeprojekthi

Ubunzima beprojekthi budibene neemeko ezininzi. Phakathi kwazo-imfuno yokuphakanyiswa komgangatho ophezulu wokusetyenziswa kwayo, ukulinganiselwa kwezibonelelo ezahlukeneyo (okwethutyana, abasebenzi, ezezimali), njl. Ezi zinto zilandelayo zizahluka:

Iprojekti yeeprojekthi;

Izixhobo zokuvelisa;

Izixhobo zokuvelisa;

- iteknoloji yomsebenzi kunye nemveliso;

Zobugcisa;

- iinkonzo, umsebenzi, umveliso, eziveliswayo.

Ngokuxhomekeke kwimeko yeprojekthi, abanye banokwenzeka, kunye necandelo elongezelelweyo lala ngasentla.

Izinto ezixhasayo zeprojekthi zi: i-finance, izinto ezibonakalayo, abasebenzi (abasebenzi), indawo kunye nommandla wendawo, izivumelwano, izivumelwano, izivumelwano, kunye nezinye izinto ezenza lula ukuphunyezwa nokuphuhliswa kwayo.

Iiprojekthi zophuhliso

Utyalo mali phantse zonke iiprojekthi, ekubeni uninzi lwabo lufuna ukutshala imali, oko kukuthi, utyalo-mali. Kwiincwadi ezizodwa malunga nohlalutyo lweprojekthi kunye nocwangciso lotyalo-mali, lithetha isethi yamashishini ahlangeneyo ajoliswe ekuphumezeni iinjongo ezithile zexesha elithile. Ulwahlulo lweeprojekthi zophuhliso zingenziwa ngezizathu ezahlukahlukeneyo: ukulinganiswa kotyalo-mali, iinjongo, izinga lomngcipheko, umlinganiselo wokudibanisa, ixesha. Ngokukodwa, ngokwemali yotyalo-mali, amancinci, emveli, amakhulu kunye neempahla zokulwa ziyabelwe.

Emazweni ase-USA nakwiYurophu yaseNtshona, abo banexabiso eliphantsi kwama-dollar ayi-300 elenzelwe iiprojekthi ezincinci. Umyinge (ngaphandle kokuthiwa wendabuko) unenani eli-300 ukuya kwi-2 yezigidi zeedola. Iiprojekthi ezinkulu - ezi zizo zendalo kunye neendleko ezingaphezu kwe-2 yezigidi zeedola. Kwaye, ekugqibeleni, iinguqu zemihlaba yinkqubo yomhlaba wonke okanye iinjongo ezijolise ekuhlanganiseni inani leeprojekthi zokutyalomali ezineenjongo enye. Iindleko zabo zivela kwi-1 billion zeedola.

Ngokwenza isiRashiya, kukho udidi oluhlukileyo lweeprojekthi zophuhliso. Ngokomzekelo, kwimeko apho utyalo-mali olwabiwo-mali lukwabiwa ngokukhuphisana, iiprojekthi ezixabisa ngaphezu kwe-$ 50 yezigidi, iidola zibhekwa njengezikhulu.

Ulwahlulo lweeprojekthi zoqeqesho

Baya kuba ngabanye kunye neqela. Kule meko, ngasinye sinezinzuzo ezingenakuphika. Kukho neyona ndlela ekhethekileyo yeeprojekthi, ukuhlelwa kwazo okubhaliweyo ngezantsi. Le yinkqubo yoqeqesho, ulwazi kunye nezakhono ezifunyenweyo kwinkqubo yokuzicwangcisa nokuphunyezwa kweeprojekthi ngabafundi - imisebenzi eyenziwa ngokukhawuleza ibe nzima.

Ukwahlulelwa kweeprojekthi zemfundo ngo:

Ububanzi bemisebenzi;

Zengingqi;

- inani labadlali;

- ixesha lokuphunyezwa;

Ukubaluleka kweziphumo.

Bonke, kungakhathaliseki uhlobo, bahlukile kwaye bahlukile, okujolise ekuphumezeni iinjongo ezithile, bacebise ukulungelelaniswa kwezenzo ezidibeneyo, zikhawulelwe ngexesha.

Iiprojekthi kwi-complexity zingabandakanyeka kunye neziprojekthi. Ezi zilandelayo ziqhutyelwa kwisakhelo sommandla omnye okanye esinye sezifundo. Ii-Intersubjects zenziwa phantsi kolawulo lweengcali ezimelela iinkalo ezahlukeneyo zolwazi, ngexesha lexesha elide.

Ngohlobo lwabafowunelwa nabo, banokuhlulwa kwi-international, regional, intraschool kunye ne-intraclass. Njengomthetho, ezimbini zokuqala ziphunyezwa njengeeprojekthi zethungelwano, zisebenzisa iindlela ezahlukeneyo zobuchwepheshe kunye ne-intanethi.

Ukuba sithatha njengesiseko somsebenzi oqhutywayo wabafundi, sinokuhlukanisa ezi zilandelayo:

- Le projekthi isekelwe kumsebenzi;

- uphando;

- ulwazi;

- ukudala;

Yokudlala indima.

Ngokuphathelele ixesha, sinokuhlukanisa:

- iiprojekthi ezincinci ezifikelela kwisifundo 1 okanye inxalenye yayo;

- Ixesha elifutshane, elenzelwe izifundo 4-6;

Iiprojekthi ziveki nganye, ezifuna iiyure ezingama-30 ukuya kuma-40 kwaye zibandakanya ukudibanisa iifom zangaphezulu zekharityhulam kunye namagumbi okufundela, kunye nokucwiliswa okujulile kubo, okwenza kube yindlela efanelekileyo yokuququzelela umsebenzi kwiiprojekthi;

Ixesha elide (ngonyaka) njengeqela, kunye nomntu ngamnye (njengomthetho, zenziwa ngeeyure emva kweeyure).

Ezahlukeneyo zeeprojekthi

Ukwahlula kweeprojekthi, ukuphathwa kweprojekthi, njengoko ubonayo, ayenziwa kuphela ngabaphathi kunye nososayensi. Uninzi lwethu lujongene nabo kwimisebenzi yabo yobungcali, ngokukodwa, ootitshala. Abafundi, ngendlela, bahlala befumana umsebenzi wokwenza "iProjekthi ngesihloko ...". Oku kuya kubanceda kwimisebenzi yabo yengomso. Iprojekthi enesihloko esicetywayo nguTitshala okanye ekhethiweyo ngokuzimela, idlalwa njengophezulu okanye iphepha leemviwo.