Umatshini eSoviet. Cars "Moskvich", "iVolga", "Inqina", "Saphuma"

ESoviet Union ehlabathini njengento ilizwe enamandla. Kwi-USSR, bafika eziphakamileyo kakhulu kwinzululwazi kunye namayeza. Yaba eSoviet Union iphumelele ugqatso isithuba yaye yasungula iteknoloji bayitshintsha yonke imbali yehlabathi kwixesha elizayo. Kuyinto ngenxa ezingqondweni engcono eSoviet Union ze aqale ukuphuhlisa ishishini sithuba. Kunye iteknoloji isithuba, inzululwazi kunye namayeza sokuba kwilizwe elikhulu, kunye noshishino ngomatshini. Noko ke, nangona inkqubela ebonakalayo kwishishini lweemoto USSR kwasilela emva kwakutshabalala ihlabathi. Kodwa ke oku akuthethi ukuba umatshini eSoviet - embi. Simazi kunye nabameli edume kakhulu kushishino yemoto yasekhaya, apho ziyahlonelwa Retro namhlanje.

Ukuzalwa imboni auto yasekhaya

Ngowe-1927, intloko yiSoviet Union, Stalin wabuza ukuba ngexesha kwisithuba seminyaka emihlanu yokuqala - ukususela 1928 ukuya 1932 - kweli lizwe aye avelisa ushishino olomeleleyo wokhuphiswano jikelele. Ngelo xesha, xa kuthelekiswa namazwe aseYurophu kunye US, ushishino imoto kweli lizwe okunene engekho, kwaye eSoviet Union wayengenguye okhuphisana ngenxa automakers zehlabathi. Noko ke, kwakukho abangaphezu kwezigidi ezi-3 abantu ngenxa uphuhliso olukhawulezayo mveliso embindini ka-1928, benza ezivelisa iimoto.

Xa kwisicwangciso seminyaka emihlanu wokuqala waphela kushishino lwemoto le wasebenza kubantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezi-6. Ngesi sicwangciso, eSoviet Union baseka iklasi entsha zentlalo - isebenzela ukuba Ushishino lweemoto kunye ingeniso elungileyo ngelo xesha. Kodwa nangona udale inani elikhulu lemisebenzi waza wavuswa imigangatho eziphilayo ukuze imoto ezininzi waza yayinqabile. oomatshini Soviet bathenga kuphela ngaphandle isigaba sabasebenzi. Oku ucinga into yokuba amandla yemoto ngo-1932 lafikelela malunga nezigidi 2.3 iikopi.

imoto subcompact kim

Glavavtoprom ngo August 1938 iceba ukuphuhlisa ukuqala nokuveliswa iimoto abakhweli encinane. icebo lakhe ukuseka isityalo indibano imoto kwi Moscow, wadalwa wokuwonga elaa CMM.

Yophuhliso lwesebe ezimilise imoto yoyilo kwi-mveliso. OkuKhokelwayo inkqubo lwengcali Nathi A. N. Ostrovtsev. On uyilo uzinzo iingcali ndingaz wasebenza. Ukuba uphuhliso yaba ngokukhawuleza, njengesiseko yagqiba ukuthatha American Ford Egqibeleleyo, unreleased ngexesha e-UK. Solutions, baye apho iifayile ezisetyenziswa iinjineli Ford, babezazi ngokugqibeleleyo iinjineli ukusuka USSR - ilizwe sele ivelise iindlela ezininzi yeemoto ezisekelwe Ford A kunye AA. Nangona sisiseko IsiNgesi kunye nemoto kwathatyathwa, uyilo umzimba - Soviet ngokupheleleyo. ziingcali ndingaz wasebenza kuyo. Kule nkqubo, bathe bakuyila lunee ezimbini - umfuziselo umzimba ezivaliweyo ezimbini iingcango kunye Phaeton evulekileyo. Yintoni umdla kukuba, imoto wenziwa kwizixhobo esuka eUnited States.

Ukuze isicwangciso sokuvelisa ukudibanisa iintlobo zezityalo USSR. Ngenxa yoko, ZISe wayenze isakhelo, nemithombo, forgings. Gas wenza amalungu omzimba esisiseko kunye castings. Inani elikhulu lwamashishini ezahlukeneyo yayikukunika i ivenkile indibano nge yonke into oyifunayo - iglasi, amavili, iincwadi entofontofo, ngokunjalo zonke iinkcukacha kwi-Kim ukwenza wayengakwazi.

ingaphandle

Le modeli kuthiwa Kim-10, yaye ngelo xesha yaba linyathelo elikhulu ngokuba lonke ushishino ngomatshini.

Imbonakalo moto yajika entsha kwaye fresh, ngokungafaniyo nezinye iimoto Soviet. Ukuma komzimba kunye noyilo ngokubanzi kakhulu ezahlukene ukusuka imifuziselo amazwe. Iqumrhu le moto phambili kakhulu ixesha layo.

Ukwesona kuvulwa kwaye nohlobo aligeyitha. Ukuvula ngayo, i abayili udale yayibhalwe. Icala ukwesona zaye fairing ukuya zemoto. ubungakanani iminyango ebanzi ngokwaneleyo, ngakumbi Yabaxhobisela migodi sakujika. Iifestile bezingalindelekanga kwehliswe.

Iimpawu design

Ukongeza izimvo zalamaxesha mzuzu indalo emotweni kwaye basebenzisa izisombululo angqingqwa ngakumbi. Ngoko ke, lo ezisezantsi injini-vana ayinazo iindlela hlengiso zabo. ohlanganisa intonga iibheringi babbitt. Ithemosifoni injini iphelelwe, kodwa kusetyenziswa CMM-10. Kwakhona phakathi izisombululo angqingqwa - inkqubo ukumiswa eqhelekileyo, iziqhoboshi mechanical. amathuba isibane na uhlobo semaphore.

iimpawu technical

Le imoto ifumaneka kwiintlobo zomzimba ezimbini - sedan umnyango-ezimbini chaise evela ecaleni. abakhweli abane babekwa emotweni.

ubude isidumbu 3960 mm, ububanzi - 1480 mm, ukuphakama -1650 mm. ukucoca Ground - 210 mm. Itanki yamafutha ungalunga 100 eelitha zamafutha.

I-injini yafakwa phambi longitudinally. Yaba 4-itankana carbureted-stroke ezine powerplant. umthamo balo 1170 cubic metres. cm. Injini wamnika iilitha ezingama-30. a. 4000 amawaka. ISityhi. Le ngeemoto uhamba nge ngesantya ezintathu-transmission manual. Le moto i drive lingena-wheel, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwayo amafutha kuphela malunga 8 L ngalinye 100 km.

Imbali le moto yaphela ngo-1941.

Gaz-13 "Chaika"

Imfuneko le moto ukuvela 50. Ngenxa yoko, eSoviet Union kwaba ukudala umelo umatshini-level, eza kuhambelana iintsingiselo ukumila ixesha. abathungi Project ziye zaphuhliswa igesi kunye Zisa kunye ZIL. Ukongeza, le ZIL-111 iphelelwe.

Kungabangela umsebenzi neengcali ndingaz thaca kuluntu ngo-1956. Ukuveliswa serial emotweni yaqala de kwiminyaka emibini kamva, kwi-59th. Kule minyaka 22 owenza le modeli, zonke iikopi 3189 zaye zaveliswa. Kwi kuyilo edume yesithuthi ochazwe wayesebenza enkulu-igama ngumyili Eremeev. Ngaphandle kumatshini kufumaniseka ukuba aba lolu iinkalo zoshishino nemoto American.

Gaz-13 "Chaika" uye wakhumbula oko koko, asiyi kuba kwaoko. Ngoxa ukusebenza komzimba wadalwa iinketho ezimbini. Ezivela zemveliso azakubalulwa izibane umsila, izibane indawo ngaphambili, moldings neengqameko ivili kukwisakhelo kwifestile.

iimpawu technical

Le moto ineenkalo umxhelo. IMbonakalo - perednemotornaya kunye drive ngasemva-wheel. Okumangalisayo kukuba, nangona ke le moto iye ezintathu-Inqanaba ukudluliselwa zombane mechanical.

Kwakukho ezimbini motor - Gaz-13 kunye ndingaz-13E. Olu isilinda-ezisibhozo iinjini ezimile V-zeelitha 5.5. Nakuba kunjalo, iyunithi yokuqala lwabalwa amafutha A-93, luze olwesibini luqalise ngowesi - A-100. Kwakhona, i-injini kwesibini a ucinezelo ratio ephezulu kunye nomthamo 215 HP Icandelo lokuqala sasinokungena neelitha ezili-195. a. uyilo motor ezahlukeneyo izinto ezintsha - enhlokweni cylinder aluminiyam kwaye lwezivalo.

I-injini yafakwa kulwelo zipholile kunye isiBeki, eliquka iiseli ezine. Injini ne transmission automatic sakubanako ukunyusa isantya imoto km 160. 100 km imoto iphaphatheke imizuzwana 20.

Ngokumalunga amafutha kwi umatshini kumjikelo ahlangeneyo walidla Iilitha ezingama-18 kweekhilomitha ezili-100 nganye. transmission Oluzenzekelayo inikeza transmission ezintathu - akukho cala, izixhobo yokuqala, intshukumo kunye umva. Kwafuneka ukuba batshintshele usebenzisa amaqhosha kwidashboard.

kokulungiswa

Ngenxa yoko, i-Gaz-13 - lo mfuziselo esisiseko. Ngaphakathi, ngasemva yayineengcamba ezintathu izihlalo, kwaye kwase wayehluke kakhulu kwi izixhobo kwimveliso.

Gaz-13A - yeyona modeli esisiseko, kodwa ndlwana yayifakwe ulwahlulo phakathi umkhweli kunye nomqhubi.

13b - imoto kunye top ukusonga, le ukulungiswa lalisetyenziswa kuluhlu emkhosini.

13C - inqwelo. Le ukuguqulwa kolu thotho akazange aye. Total wavelisa malunga amabini aba matshini.

imoto yokudlala "Moskvich" -400

Le modeli elandelayo emva kokuba Kim-10-52. Umsebenzi kwi imoto yaqala emva kwemfazwe, ekuqaleni kuka 1946. izityalo kwakhona emva kwemfazwe walitshintsha igama layo ukuba "Moskvich". Yinto imoto zabantu, nto leyo eya kwenziwa phambi kokuba imfazwe.

Imoto yaveliswa ngomfanekiso Opel Kadett K38, nto leyo luphuhliswa General Motors ngo-'38. Zonke izixhobo iye ngaphandle eJamani, akuzange kube lula ukugcina izitampu nemveliso ngemizimba, ngoko kwafuneka ukuba bazidalele kwabo, eSoviet.

Developed le lwasekhaya imoto kunye iinjineli German. Ixabiso le-matshini, ngokutsho imithombo eyahlukeneyo - ukususela 8000 ukuya 9000 engange. Yaba eninzi imali, kwaye ekuqaleni nje ezimbalwa wayenako i "Moskvich" amatsha -400, kodwa 50 ntle yabantu liye landa, kwaye umatshini emgceni uluhlu lwabalindileyo.

ingaphandle

Njengoko kwisiseko esetyenziswa Opel Kadett K38. Lo matshini linovuyo kakhulu Stalin, yaye wayalela ukuba eSoviet Union wenza ikopi ngqo. Kufuneka ke ukuba Opel wadalwa eJamani ngaphambi kwemfazwe, yaye isakhiwo lonke kunye kuyilo iphelelwe-40 eminyaka yobudala. Akwazile ngeli xesha avelise imodeli umdla kakhulu, kodwa ukuba aphikisane Stalin, akukho mntu ubenobuganga. Kamva kuyihlaziya jonga kancinane, kodwa umzimba ayiphazamiseki.

injini

Ekubeni Germany akukho ngamaxwebhu unit amandla ayizange, iinjineli Soviet liphuhlise imoto entsha. Vehicle swi vosmiklapannym-unit ezine, umthamo ogama iilitha 23 kuphela. a. xa umthamo ukusebenza ka-1100 cubic metres. cm. Le motor iyachiza iperi kwinqanaba ezintathu-gearbox. Iyunithi amandla wadala phantsi A-66 amafutha ezithuthi. Izinga flow yaba Iilitha ezingama-8 kweekhilomitha ezili-100 nganye ngesantya esiphezulu of 90 km / h.

Gaz

Ngeli sityalo uvelisa eninzi imifuziselo ezahlukeneyo umdla. One of them - A. igesi Imbali iimoto iqala e Detroit. Yaba ke loo ndoda endala Genri Ford wagqiba ukuba Ford T nje akaziva lixesha. Wayithabatha off line ibandla. Endaweni yoko, thina silubaleke A. imodeli Inyathelo lokuqala iguqulwe kancinane injini - emva inguqu amandla iye yatshintsha ukusuka kwiilitha-23. a. ukuya 40. mqulu landa 3.2 iilitha. Kwakhona ibe owomileyo olunye-ipleyiti clutch kuloo moto.

ngoko Ford unokwenziwa usekelwe yeemoto saze isigadla - AA, waza ke waya phezu yokuthutha triaxial umatshini AAA. Yiyo le isithuthi esimanyeneyo ubhetyebhetye ngokubanzi kufana neenkokeli Soviet. Ngokusekelwe kwagqitywa ukwenza iimoto elula, ethembekileyo kwaye enobuchwepheshe Soviet. Ngoko ke wazalwa imifuziselo GAS A. eveliswa ukususela 1932 ukuya 1938.

design

Nesivuno amela mabahlambe iziqwenga ezimbini ukuxhathisa ngentsimbi. Le radiator iye isale nickel kunye ezihonjiswe label wokuqala ndingaz sisityalo. Amavili afakelwe kunye iiasi ngocingo - inkalo kubo ukuba ngaba ifuna ukulungiswa.

Lemoto isicelo glass-ntathu. sivale itanki yamafutha sele ifakiwe phambi kwakhe. itanki Sam ebekwe phezu kodonga elingasemva gumbi injini - elawulwa ukuze ingabandakanywa ukusuka kuyilo pump yepetroli. Olingene yeyela isiBeki yi womxhuzulane.

Ikhutshwe umatshini yiSoviet ngasemva "Phaeton" kwiindawo 5. Kwimeko lemvula kube yinto enokwenzeka ukutsala ententeni ngelaphu.

salon

Le ivili luyavutha, yaye waba ekufanisweni yaba sisithabathaba. Kufutshane uphawu kwi abathungi isondo ziye zabeka zokuxhathisa ezikhethekileyo - nge ucinezelo ixesha lokuqala elawulwayo, kwaye eyesibini yasetyenziselwa igesi. Isantya emelwe amanani igubu. Ngezantsi emoto yayifakwe ukumela ekhethekileyo isithende.

Iimpawu design

Ukuba ibattery imoto, emva koko uchwethezwe ukuzala 21 kuphela. Kwakhona band brake busetyenzisiwe, kwakungekho ithuba ukulungisa vana, iqondo encinane injini ucinezelo - 4.2. Njengoko isicelo ezinqamlezayo ukumiswa entwasahlobo.

Kamva, le ndlela kuzakutshintsha sedan GAS M-1, nto leyo nayo isekelwe kwi-Ford A, kodwa ilungiswe apha naphaya ukuze off-kwendlela sezwe. Ngenxa yoko, ukwanda amandla umzimba, kwaqinisa ukunqunyanyiswa. Yagqitywa adla injini ukubana ka 3.2 iilitha ukuze amandla alo luyanda ukuya kwezingama-50. a.

Kolu ngcelele yokuthuthwa off-road ndingaz M-1 hit ngo-1936. Released iikopi ezingaphezulu kwama-60 000. Yaba imodeli yimpumelelo gqitha.

Gaz-21

Oku iimoto Soviet kwi uhlobo emzimbeni "sedan". Ukuveliswa serial emotweni yaqala ngo-'56, yaye akazange ade '70s. Lo ngowona mzekelo kakhulu ngempumelelo ishishini nemoto yasekhaya.

Development kwaqala ngo-1952. Ekuqaleni sasebenza ngomhla imifuziselo kwe M21. Sasisebenza kuyilo igcisa Z Eremeev kunye Williams. Ngowe-1953, imifuziselo yokuqala M21 ziye kwadalwa, le projekthi hayi Williams wasondela. kwase yokuqala "iVolga" ndingaz-21 ze emva koko kwi Ekuveleni komnyaka 1954 yaqokelelwa.

uvavanyo lwenziwa, apho iimoto lubonise iziphumo ezilungileyo. I entsha "iVolga" yaba olunoqoqosho, ngaphezulu kakhulu kwi iimpawu sokuguquguquka ndingaz M-12 ngokhetho. Ukongeza, imoto isebenzisa uyilo ekhethekileyo.

Ipatheni yokuqala igqityiwe ilungiselelo motor nizhneklapannym, ukuba umthamo 2.4 iilitha zokusebenza. amandla injini sele iilitha 65 kwaba. a. Kuyinto injini ye "Uloyiso", nto leyo eyanyanzelisa-mveliso. Ngokubambisana kunye neyunithi ngamandla esetyenziswa sigaba ezintathu-gearbox.

Abanini Car "iVolga" (GAS-21) Wathi nokumelana eziphakamileyo iqumrhu iimoto patency elungileyo. Namhlanje ke ngenxa Retro kwaye ubone abameli bayo babe ngokuqokelela zabucala.

Gaz-24

Kamva, ngowe-1968, ngokususela imoto ndingaz-24 wakhululwa. Lo matshini ifumaneka izimbo zomzimba ezimbini - iBMW wagon. Ngelo xesha lithile imoto odume kunayo. Phuhlisa imodeli waqala ngoko nangoko emva kokuqalisa yemveliso we 21 "iVolga". Imoto likwazile kusinda restyling ezintathu, iimpawu zoyilo ingqalelo ukuba iimoto yaseMelika. Ke kaloku, bekukho kuloo iimpawu umphandle kwaye original, enika umzimba ngokukhawuleza.

iimpawu zobugcisa isithuthi

Gaz-24 yaveliswa, njengoko sele sibonile, kwi izidumbu ezimbini. Clearance waba 180 mm. I-injini yafakwa phambi longitudinally. Le olingene injini 2.4 L umthamo yakhethwa njengeyunithi amandla. Ububanzi balo iilitha 95. a. Uye wasebenza ngokubambisana kunye ugqithiso abane-manual. amafutha - Iilitha ezingama-13 100 km. Ngesi yunithi i uqina obukhulu 145 km / h.

Ngenxa echazwe kwi "iVolga 'kwaye ngoko eninzi zokuguqulwa ezahlukeneyo zaveliswa. Kwakhona ukuvelisa imizekelo kwamanye amazwe. Kugqityiwe kokukhululwa ngo-1985.

Kufuneka ke ukuba umatshini eSoviet kakhulu abo umdla ngakumbi ukuba zenziwe namhlanje. Ngoku bonke abantu mihla babonakala ingabangeli, kodwa ke elowo imodeli entsha yayisisidlo ngokwenene abathandi imoto. Aba matshini ke ngoku iifilimu, e kwiimyuziyam kwaneempepha zabucala, imoto ZIS-110 ethandwa kakhulu phesheya, kuquka i-US naseYurophu. abaqhubi beemoto abaninzi ukunika ngeemali ezinamagama ukuthenga kunye nokubuyiselwa koomatshini ezinjalo. Ngoku Retro. Uzichithachithe wagxeka ishishini auto yasekhaya, kodwa wayeselapho lizwe wayesazi ukuba ukwenza njani iimoto elungileyo.