Umehluko omkhulu phakathi kweseli lesilwanyana kunye nesityalo: itafile + inkcazo ecacileyo

Ulwahluko oluninzi oluphambili phakathi kwezityalo kunye nezilwanyana luvela kwiimeko ezahlukileyo kumgangatho weselula. Abanye baneminye inkcazelo abanye abayenayo, kwaye ngokufanayo. Ngaphambi kokuba sifumane umehluko omkhulu phakathi kwesilwanyana sezilwanyana kunye nesitimu sesityalo (jonga itafile kamva kweli nqaku), makhe sibone ukuba bafana njani kwaye bahlolisise oko kwenza ukuba bahluke.

Izilwanyana kunye nezityalo

Ngaba ufunda le nqaku, uzingele kwi-armchair? Zama ukuhlala ngokuchanekileyo, welula izandla zakho esibhakabhakeni uze ulule. Ndiziva ndilungile, akunjalo? Ingaba uyayithanda okanye awukho, uyilwanyana. Iiseli zakho ziyi-clotlasm ezithambileyo, kodwa ungasebenzisa imisipha kunye namathambo akho ukuma ezinyaweni zakho kwaye ujikeleze. I-Getrotrophs, njengazo zonke izilwanyana, kufuneka zondliwe kwezinye izinto. Ukuba uziva ulambile okanye unxaniwe, kufuneka uvuke uze uye efrijini.

Ngoku cinga ngezityalo. Cinga ngomthi omde oki okanye intsimbi encinci yengca. Bema endaweni evukileyo, ngaphandle kwemisipha okanye amathambo, kodwa abanako ukufikelela phi na ukufumana ukutya nokusela. Izityalo, ii-autotrophs, zakha imveliso yazo, zisebenzisa amandla eSanga. Ukwahlukana kweseli yesilwanyana kwisityalo kwiTable 1 (jonga ngezantsi) kuyabonakala, kodwa kukho into efanayo.

Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo

Izityalo kunye neeseli zezilwanyana zi-eukaryotic, kwaye oku sele kufaneka ukufana. Zine-nucleus ebophelelwe yimbumba equkethe impahla ye-genetic (DNA). I-memma ye-plasm memifane engenakunyakaziswa ijikeleze zombini iintlobo zeeseli. I-cytoplasm yabo iqukethe amaninzi amaninzi kunye nama-organelles, kuquka i-ribosomes, i-Golgi complexes, i-endoplasmic reticulum, i-mitochondria kunye ne-peroxisomes kunye nabanye. Nangona iiseli zezityalo kunye nezilwanyana zi-eukaryotic kwaye zininzi ngokufanayo, ziyahluke kwiiparitha eziliqela.

Iimpawu zeseli zezityalo

Ngoku ke sijonge kwiimpawu zeseli zezityalo. Uninzi lwawo lungama njani? Olu buchule luvela kwindonga yeselingi ejikeleze iiphephelo zazo zonke iiseli zezityalo, inikeza inkxaso kunye nokuqina kwaye ngokuphindaphindiweyo kubanika i-rectangular okanye i-hexagonal appearance xa ibonwa nge-microscope. Zonke ezi zixhobo zakhiwo zinobunzima obuqhelekileyo kwaye ziqukethe ii-chloroplast ezininzi. Iindonga zinokuba ngamancinci ambalwa. Ubume babo buhluka ngoxhomekeke kumaqela ezityalo, kodwa ngokuqhelekileyo ziqukethe ii-fibres ze-carbohydrates cellulose ezixutywe kwi-matrix yamaprotheni kunye nezinye i-carbohydrates.

Iindonga zeseli zinceda ukugcina amandla. Uxinzelelo olwenziwa ngokutyunjwa kwamanzi, lubangela ukunyaniseka kwawo kwaye lunike ithuba lokukhula ngokuthe ngqo. Izityalo azikwazi ukuhamba ukusuka kwindawo ukuya endaweni, ngoko kufuneka zizenzele ukutya kwazo. I-organelle, ebizwa ngokuthi i-chloroplast, ijongene ne-photosynthesis. Iiseli ezitshalayo zinokuthi zibe neqela ezinjalo, ngamanye amawaka ngamakhulu.

I-chloroplasts zijikelezwe yimbumba ephindwe kabini kwaye ziqulethe iiskiti ze-membrane-bounds-discs apho i-sun ixutywe yi-pigments ekhethekileyo, kwaye le ndlu isetyenziselwa ukondla isityalo. Enye yezona zakhiwo ezidumileyo ziyi-vacuole enkulu. Eli candelo lihlala likhulu lomthamo kwaye lijikelezwe yimbumba ebizwa ngokuba yi-tonoplast. Igcina amanzi, kunye ne-potassium kunye ne-chloride ions. Njengoko iseli likhula, i-vacuole inamanzi kwaye inceda ukwandisa iiseli.

Ukwahlukana kwiseli yesilwanyana kwisityalo (Itheyibhile 1)

Iinqununu zezityalo kunye nezilwanyana zineengxaki ezahlukeneyo kunye nokufana. Ngokomzekelo, abo bangaphambili abanalo udonga lwesellu kunye ne-chloroplasts, bajikeleze kwaye bengaqhelekanga, ngelixa iiseli zityalo zineendlela ezixhomekeke kumxholongwane. Zomibini zi-eukaryotic, ngoko zinezinto eziqhelekileyo, ezifana nobukho beembumba kunye ne-organelles (i-nucleus, mitochondria kunye ne-endoplasmic reticulum). Ngoko, makhe sibone ukufana kunye nokwahlukana phakathi kweesityalo kunye neeseli zezilwanyana kwiThebhile 1:

Izilwanyana ezinxamnye nezityalo

Yintoni eyenza sikwazi ukwenza itafile "Ukwahlukana phakathi kweseli lesilwanyana kunye nesityalo"? Zombini i-eukaryotic. Bafumana i-nuclei yangempela, apho i-DNA ifumaneka kwaye ihlukaniswe nezinye izakhiwo ngumbumba wekhamyliya. Zombini iintlobo zinenkqubo ezifanayo zokuvelisa, kuquka i-mitosis kunye ne-meiosis. Izilwanyana kunye nezityalo zifuna amandla, kufuneka zikhule kwaye zigcine umsebenzi oqhelekileyo weselula kwinkqubo yokuphefumula.

Bobabini apho kwaye kukho izakhiwo ezibizwa ngokuba yi-organelles ezizodwa ukwenza imisebenzi eyimfuneko yokusebenza ngokuqhelekileyo. Ulwahlulo lwentlupheko yesilwanyana kwisityalo kwiTable 1 luyongezwa ngezinye izinto eziqhelekileyo. Kuvela ukuba baninzi ngokufanayo. Kwaye bobabini banezinto ezifanayo, kuquka i-nuclei, i-complex Golgi, i-endoplasmic reticulum, i-ribosomes, i-mitochondria, njalo njalo.

Uthini umahluko phakathi kwesityalo sesityalo kunye nesilwanyana?

KuLuhlu 1, ukufana kunye nokungafani kuboniswa ngokukhawuleza. Cinga ngala manqaku nakwezinye iinkcukacha ngokubanzi.

• Ubukhulu. Iiseli zezilwanyana zihlala zilingana ezincinci kuneeseli zezityalo. Ifom yokuqala yo-10 ukuya kwi-30 micrometer ubude, ngelixa iiseli zezityalo zinomlinganiselo ubude be-10 ukuya kwi-100 micrometer.
• Ifomu. Iiseli zezilwanyana zinobukhulu obuhlukeneyo kwaye, njengomthetho, zinomxholo ojikelezayo okanye ongaqhelekanga. Imifuno ifana ngokufana nobukhulu kwaye, njengomthetho, unobumba obunxantathu okanye i-cubic.
• Ukugcinwa kwamandla. Amaseli ezilwanyana agcina amandla ngendlela ye-carbohydrate enzima (glycogen). Imifuno igcina amandla ngendlela yesitashi.
• Ukwahlukana. Kwiiseli zezilwanyana, iiseli kuphela ezikwazi ukuwela kwezinye iintlobo zeeseli. Zininzi iintlobo zeeseli zezityalo azikwazi ukwahlula.
• Ukukhula. Iiseli zezilwanyana zanda ngobukhulu ngenxa yenani leeseli. Iimifuno zithatha amanzi amaninzi kwi-vacuole ephakathi.
• Centrioles. Iiseli zezilwanyana ziqulethe izakhiwo ezijikelezayo eziququzelela i-microtubules ngexesha lokwahlula iseli. Imifuno, njengomgaqo, ayinayo i-centrioles.
• Cilia. Zifumaneka kwiiseli zezilwanyana, kodwa azikho izinto eziqhelekileyo kwiiseli zezityalo.
• ILysosomes. Ezi zondlo ziqulethe i-enzymes ezigaya ii-macromolecules. Iiseli zityalo zisoloko zingenayo i-lysosomes, lo msebenzi uyenziwa yi-vacuole.
• Plastids. Iiseli zezilwanyana azinawo amaplastidi. Iiseli zityalo ziqulethe iiplastids, ezifana ne-chloroplasts, eziyimfuneko kwi-photosynthesis.
• I-Vacuol. Iiseli zezilwanyana zinokuthi zininzi zincinci ezincinane. Iiseli zityalo zine-central centuole ephakathi, enokufikelela kwi-90% yevolumu yeseli.

Izisele zesakhiwo, izityalo kunye nezilwanyana ziyafana, ziqukethe i-organelles ezibophelelweyo, ezifana ne-nucleus, mitochondria, i-endoplasmic reticulum, izixhobo ze-Golgi, i-lysosomes kunye ne-peroxisomes. Zomibini ziqulethe iimbumba ezifanayo, i-cytosol kunye ne-cytoskeletal elements. Imisebenzi yale mibutho iyafana kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, umehluko omncinane phakathi kwesitya zezityalo kunye neseli lesilwanyana (Itheyibhuli 1) ekhoyo phakathi kwazo kubaluleke kakhulu kwaye ibonisa umahluko kwimisebenzi yeseli nganye.

Ngoko, safanisa iiseli zezityalo kunye nezilwanyana, ukufumanisa ukuba zifana njani nokufana kwazo. Ngokuqhelekileyo isicwangciso sesakhiwo, iinkqubo zeekhemikhali kunye nokubunjwa, ukwahlula kunye ne-genetic code.

Ngelo xesha, la maqununu amancinci ahluke ngokukodwa ngendlela abadla ngayo.