Yintoni eqhelekileyo kwisakhiwo sezinto eziphilayo? Iipropati eziqhelekileyo zezinto eziphilayo

Ulwahlulo lwehlabathi elijikelezayo luyamangalisa ngokukhazimula kwalo. Ziziphi iintlobo ongeke uzihlangabezane nazo! Emva koko, ezinye iinambuzane zineentlobo ezahlukahlukeneyo zezigidi, kungabi zikhankanywe izilwanyana kunye nabameli bezinye iiyunithi zendalo. Nangona kunjalo, izazinzulu ziye zadala i-theory ekhuluma ngobunye bemvelaphi yazo zonke i-biomass emhlabeni. Oku kuthetha ukuba ukhokho wayeseyedwa. Ubu bungqina bolu bufana phakathi kwezinto. Yintoni eqhelekileyo kwisakhiwo sezinto eziphilayo? Kutheni le ngqungquthela yamukelwayo yonke indawo? Masizame ukuqonda.

Yintoni eqhelekileyo kwisakhiwo sezinto eziphilayo?

Impendulo yalo mbuzo ilula kakhulu. Oku kuthiwa abafundi abavela kwibakala lesihlanu lemfundo kwizifundo ze-biology kunye nembali yendalo. Iipropati eziqhelekileyo zezinto eziphilayo zihlaziya kwisakhiwo, esekelwe kwisakhiwo esinye - iseli. Akumangalisi kuthiwa yizitena zobomi.

Iiseli ziquka imizimba yezityalo, iifungulu, izilwanyana, iilenze kunye nomntu. Izidalwa ezincinane kunazo zonke eplanethi ziyi-bacteria, kodwa nazo iiseli. Kodwa siyaqaphela ukuba isakhiwo seeseli zezinto eziphilayo azifani. Kwaye kuyinto engokwemvelo. Emva kweminyaka emininzi kwakukho ukuziphendukela kwemvelo, okwabangele ukuvela nokuhlanganiswa kweentlukwano. Ngenxa yoko, sinayo ihlabathi, loo biomass yomhlaba okwangoku.

Yintoni eqhelekileyo kwisakhiwo sezinto eziphilayo? Impendulo ayinakulinganiswa. Ubukho beeseli, nokuba luhlukile, okanye izigidi zabo. Ukuba sijonge ngakumbi, ngoko siyakwazi ukubonisa ubungqina bendalo yezinto eziphilayo. Kuyaziwa ukuba iimodeli zeprotheni ziyisiseko sobomi.

Ngokomxholo we-Oparin-Haldane, ubomi buvela kwi-droplet coacervate, i-molecule ye-protein. Ekugqibeleni yaguqulwa ibe yiseli, kwaye ke onke amanye amanqanaba ombutho wobomi alandelwa . Ngoko, umbuzo: "Yintoni eqhelekileyo kwisakhiwo sezinto eziphilayo?" Unokuphendulwa ngamagama amaninzi:

• Iseli kwisiseko sesakhiwo;
• Iiprotheni kwisiseko seseli;
• I-nucleic acids ngokususela kwisixhobo sokufa.

Ezi zifana ngokufanayo apho inkolelo yobunye bendalo yemvelaphi yobomi eMhlabeni yakhiwa.

Imiqondiso ephambili yokuphila

Iipropati eziphambili zezinto eziphilayo, ngokucacileyo ezivumela ukuba zihluke kwizinto ezingapheliyo kunye nemizimba, zilandelayo:

• Ukuvelisa, oko kukuthi, ukushiya inzala ukuba igcine kwaye igcine amanani;
• Ukutshatyalaliswa - ukukwazi ukuphendula kwimpembelelo yangaphandle yoluphi na uhlobo (umzimba, iikhemikhali, umatshini);
• I-Metabolism (kwakunye namandla), okubandakanya ukutya okunomsoco kunye nokuphuma;
• Ukuphefumula;
• Ukukhula kunye nophuhliso.

Ubonke bale miqondiso ikuvumela ukuba ugwebe ukuba iphilayo iyaphila okanye ayikho. Kwaye uhlalutyo lwemizimba yalo, i-genetic and physiological features, isakhiwo se-anatomical, sivumela ukuba kubangelwe kulo okanye lo buso bobuphilayo.

Baya kuthiwa bahlanu namhlanje.

1. Izilwanyana.
2. Izityalo.
3. Amakhowe.
4. Ibhaktheriya.
5. Iintsholongwane.

Ezi zilandelayo zibhekiselele kwiindlela ezingafaniyo zobomi, isikhundla sabo esifanelekileyo kwinkqubo yendalo yinto engabonakaliyo.

Amanqanaba entlangano yobomi beenkqubo zokuphila

Ngasentla, ulawulo oluphezulu ekwakhiweni kobomi lwaluvele lubonisiwe. Makhe siqwalasele ngokubanzi. Iqela ngalinye eliphilayo liba yinxenye yomhlaba, enye inxalenye ye-biomass. Kodwa zonke ziqala njani, ziziphi izigaba ezithathayo? Olu phepha luye lwafundwa yizinzulu ngexesha elide. Kuyinto yesiko ukukhangela amanqanaba amaninzi ombutho wobomi.

1. I molecular.
2. Izixhobo.
3. Tissue.
4. I-Organic.
5. Umzimba.
6. Inani labantu.
7. Biogeocenotic.
8. Biosphere.

Kwinqanaba ngalinye kukho iinkalo ezithile, iinkqubo ezithetha ngobomi. Makhe siwaqwalasele ngokubanzi.

Iimodeli kunye namaselula

Ezi nqanaba zizinto zokuqala. Ngoko, kwiimleksi kukho iindlela ezininzi zamakhemikhali phakathi kweemveliso ezahlukahlukeneyo eziphilayo kunye namacor. Ngenxa yoko, izakhiwo zeeseli zekamva zenziwe. Ukusuka apha ukunyuka ngokuthe ngcembe kuqala inyathelo eliphakamileyo - inqanaba leselula. Ungomnye wabaluleke kakhulu kwaye uthetha ubumbano bonke ubomi emhlabeni.

Ziziphi ii-molecule ezibalulekileyo kwiseli? Ngaphandle kweyiphi kubo akunakwenzeka ukuba khona? Ezi zifana:

• I-carbohydrates;
• Iiprotheni;
• Enzyme;
• IHormones;
• IiVithamini;
• Amino acids;
• Nucleic acids;
• Ezinye izixhobo eziyinkimbinkimbi ezingaqhelekanga;
• Amanzi;
• Lipids;
• Izinto ezincinci kunye nezikhulu.

Kakade, ukubaluleka komntu ngamnye kuhlukile. Nangona kunjalo, ekungabikho kwexesha elide lalo naluphi na uhlobo olutshintsho olungaguqukiyo, kwaye ekugqibeleni - ukugqitywa komjikelezo wobomi.

Ingubo kunye ne-Organic

Inqanaba elilandelayo emva kweeselula ziisishu. Emva koko, ngokwayo, nayiphi na iisisitye iqoqo leeseli ezidibene nomvelaphi oqhelekileyo, iimpawu ze-anatomical kunye nendima ephumelelayo.

Ngaloo ndlela, izicubu zenza izitho ezahlukeneyo. Ukuba sithetha ngezityalo, ke le yinkqubo yeengcambu kunye nazo zonke izakhiwo zokuphepha. Ukuba izilwanyana, ngoko ungabhala uluhlu lwezithuba ixesha elide, kuba zininzi zazo. Umzekelo, intliziyo, izintso, imiphunga, amathumbu, isikhumba nabanye.

Kule nqanaba, iipropati eziqhelekileyo zezinto eziphilayo eziphilayo zezinto ezininzi zibonakaliswa.

Amanqanaba omnxeba

Eli nqanaba eliphezulu lizinga lemvelo. Kuthetha ukuba emzimbeni wezidalwa ezininzi, amaqumrhu amanyeneyo kwiinkqubo, ngokusebenza ngokubambisana kunye nokuhambelana, ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza ngokuqhelekileyo kwendalo yonke.

Nangona kunjalo, zonke izakhi ze-biomass zihluke. Isinyathelo esithile sabantu sisiphumo sezinto ezintsha kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zezidalwa. Ezi zinguqu zibangelwa yimpembelelo yemeko yendalo. Okokuthi, eneneni-le yinqanaba apho ukuguqulwa kwezinto zokuziphendukela kwemvelo kwenzeka khona ngenxa yokufaneleka.

Biosphere

Iipropati eziphambili zezinto eziphilayo, esizibhengeze ngasentla, ziphantsi kwengqiqo yehlabathi njenge-biosphere. Le yona nqanaba liphezulu, liquka umbutho wendalo. Bonke abathathi-nxaxheba kwi-biosphere bahlala kuphela. Kuzo iifom ze-biomass. Kwakhona inxalenye ebalulekileyo yiziphi izidalwa ezivelisa. Le yintsimbi ye- biocosmic ye- biosphere.

Kunokwenzeka ukuhlukanisa iintlobo ezininzi zezinto ezenza le nqanaba. Ezi zi:

• Kuphila;
• Biogenic;
• Uhleli;
• Biocosic;
• Imvelaphi yeCosmic;
• Ukubola kwenkunkuma;
• Iibhanki ezilula.

Umsunguli wenkolelo ye-biosphere ngu-VI Vernadsky. Ukufaneleka kwakhe ekuphuhliseni le ngcamango kunzima kakhulu.

Izinto zeProkaryotic

Indawo ekhethekileyo phakathi kwerhafu yemvelo ibanjwe ngamabhaktheriya. Into into yokuba iseli yabo ihlelwe ngokungafaniyo nabanye. Isikhundla se-microorganisms kwinkqubo yehlabathi eliphilayo lichazwe ligama elilodwa-iprokaryota. Eli gama lithetha izilwanyana ezingenazo iimvulophu enyukliya. Oku kuthetha ukuba i-nucleic acids ifumaneke ngaphakathi kwendawo yonke.

Kwiibhaktheriya, amanqanaba ombutho wezilwanyana ahlukile. Zingabalwa kulo myalelo:

• I-molecular;
• Izixhobo;
• Species;
• Biospheric.

Wonke amanye amanyathelo ayifumaneki kubo. Kodwa isakhiwo esincinci kunye nesilula asizange sithintele ama-microorganisms ukuba abe ngabasemagunyeni nabaninzi beeplanethi yethu. Eli nani labameli alinalo ubukumkani obuninzi bendalo.