Elona likhulu lolwandle lwamanzi aphelileyo kwihlabathi ngokubhekiselele kwamanzi - iLake Baikal

Amanqabileyo endalo azaliswe ngamanzi amanzi, ngexesha lexesha, athola ixabiso elikhulu kunabo bonke uluntu, njengokuba umonakalo omkhulu wenziwa kwi-ecology ngokusebenza kwezoqoqosho.

Ngaphezu koko, kuyacaca ukuba ummangaliso nguBaikal - unxweme olukhulu lwamanzi aphelileyo kwihlabathi ngokubhekiselele kumanzi okusela ahlambulukileyo.

Indlela yokuvavanya?

Yiyiphi imigaqo efunekayo ukuvavanya into engokwemvelo efana nelibi ukwenzela ukuba linike isihloko esithi "Eyona Nkulu Kakhulu"? Ingundoqo ngumthamo wamanzi amanzi equlethe. Le ntsi ngiselo yendalo yamanzi, eyenziwe ngenxa yemikhosi enamandla eguqula umhlaba. Kulo mbandela, iBaikal ngokuqinisekileyo ikhefu elikhulu elinamanzi aphelileyo kwihlabathi. Ngokommandla wesibuko, ungaphantsi kweendawo zokuhlambela ezintandathu kwiindawo ezahlukahlukeneyo zeplanethi, kodwa kwanona zikhulu kunazo zonke - iLake Superior, ehlala kwilizwekazi laseMntla-Amerika, inesiqingatha somthamo. Eli gaba, inxalenye yamaLwandle aMaMerika amakhulu, ibonakala ngokubonakalayo ukusuka kwindawo, kodwa kunye bonke baqulethe amanzi angaphantsi kuneLake Baikal.

Ulwandle oluzukileyo

Kwakhona kubonwa kakuhle ngabaqambi-bambi, sele bebizwa ngokuba yiSiberiya elwandle. Njengolwandle oluqhelekileyo, i-Baikal ineendawo, iindawo ezinzima kunye nemifula yamanzi, ii-peninsula kunye neziqithi zezilwanyana (zonke iziqithi 27), kunye nesiqithi esikhulu kunazo zonke-i-Olkhon-ubude obude be-12 km buhamba malunga ne-71 km ubude.

I-Baikal yinkqubo ekhethekileyo yendalo eyenzelwe ukugcina i-20% yehlabathi elondoloziweyo yamanzi (umthamo wayo ngu-23,600 m ³ ). I-crescent enkulu enkulu malunga ne-620 km ubude bububanzi obude be-79 m, kwaye ubunzulu obuninzi, obulinganiswe ngoncedo lwamathuluzi e-hydrological zamanje, ngu-1642 m. Nokuba ubunzulu obuphakathi kweLake Baikal bu malunga ne-740 metres - ngaphezu kobuninzi kuyo yonke indawo yamanzi amaninzi amanzi aphelileyo.

Umsebenzi we-volcanic ohambisane nokwakhiwa kwesigxina saseBaikal waphakamisa indawo engqongileyo ye-455 m ngaphezu kwezinga elwandle, kwaye phantsi kwesi sithintelo kwawa kwe-1186.5 m ngaphantsi kweli nqanaba, ngoko ke, bambalwa kakhulu kumabhodlela alo omhlaba phakathi kwazo zonke iindawo zelizwekazi.

Inkqubo ehlelwe kakuhle

Inkqubo eyimvelo yendalo, eyona nto ibhekeza amanzi amaninzi aphefumlelweyo kwihlabathi, iyilungelelaniso olufanelekileyo kunye nolungelelaniso lwezinto ezininzi, akukho ndawo ifunyenwe. Eyona nto ephambili i-Epischura baicalensis, i-epichura ye-Baikal, i-planktonic crustacean malunga ne-1.5 imitha ngobukhulu obudlula amanzi aseBaikal ngokwayo, isusa umcimbi wendalo, yenza ukuba icoceke ngokukhethekileyo kwaye ityebile kwi-oksijini.

Amanzi athile ngokucacileyo entwasahlobo, xa iqulethe ubuncinci be-algae, kwaye ke ukuqonda ingqekembe kwi-30-meter depth kuya kuphela ekukhuseleni ukungaboni kakuhle.

Amanzi aqhotyoshelweyo kunye namanzi acocekileyo echibini elikhulu lwamanzi aphelileyo kwihlabathi yindawo yokuhlala yeentlanzi ezahlukileyo, phakathi kwazo uninzi lwabantu abahlala kuyo, oko kukuthi, bahlala kuphela eBaikal, eyaziwayo kunazo zonke i-omul. Iidemikhi zizininzi kunye neentaka ezininzi kunye nezilwanyana.

Imbali

Izifundo zamatye ezenza isitsha seBaikal azizange zilungise iingxabano zenzululwazi ngexesha lokuzalwa kukaBaikal. Abanye bathi isona esikhulu samanzi aphelileyo kwihlabathi sasungulwa malunga ne-20 yezigidi zeminyaka edlulileyo, abanye bathi ixesha elide amachibi awahlaliyo - emva kweminyaka engamashumi amawaka eminyaka aya kugcwala iindawo ezinobumba kwaye aphenduke i-swamp. Abachasayo bakubona oku njengesinye isizathu sokuthetha ngokubodwa kwalolu hlobo lwendalo.

Akukho ngaphantsi kokubeka phambili ingcaciso malunga nobudala be-"teenage" yobudala be-Baikal kwiminyaka eyi-5-8 lamawaka, iqinisekisa iingxelo ezinjalo ngento yokuba kwimiba ye-Baikal isebenzayo isenzo seismism iyaqhubeka.

Izizwe zasekuhlaleni, ezihlala kuyo igama elithi "bargut", zazingabokuqala ukuhlala kumanxweme aseBaikal. Batshintshwa nguBuryats, ovela kulwimi lwabo ilizwi elifikile, elibizwa ngokuba libizwa ngokuba likhulu lolwandle lwamanzi ahlambulukileyo emhlabeni. Igama elithi Baikal lixhaswa yi-Cossacks yaseRussia eya kufika elwandle lwaseSiberia ngexesha le-XVII leminyaka, iBuryat "baigal". Phakathi kweentsingiselo ezininzi zeli gama "ngamanzi anesimo esinamandla," "umlilo ocebileyo," "ophezulu, umthombo," njl.

Into ephambili kukugcina

Nangona maxesha aseSoviet, ingxaki yokungcola kwechibi elikhulu yaqala ukuthatha inqanaba elincinci. Eyakhelwe e-bhanki, i-pillow yaba yinto engumthombo wonakaliso ohlambulula amanzi ahlambulukileyo e-Baikal, kodwa kunye nesizathu sokukhungulwa kwamahlathi emasangweni omsedare, okwakubangela iingxaki ezinzima kwizityalo nakwizilwanyana zase-Baikal.

Enye ingxaki kukukho kwama-330 e-Lake Bhaikal, iifula ezinkulu ezifana ne-Selenga, ezithwala amanzi amdaka kwiidolophu ezinkulu zaseMongolia nakwindawo yaseBaikal kwiLake Baikal.

Isongelo esisisiseko ngumkhwa wokukrazula zonke iingeniso ezikhawulezayo ezivela kwimithombo yendalo engabonwa, ngaphandle kokucinga ngekamva. Ngaphandle kokuphumelela kwesi simo sengqondo kummandla, akunakwenzeka ukuba nethemba elizayo. I-Baikal yidayimani enqabileyo kakhulu, enikwe iRashiya kunye nehlabathi, ukwenzela ukuba ungazami ukulondoloza.