Yintoni eyenza I-Manufactory izolo namhlanje

Yintoni eyenza Ngomqondo weklasiki, i-manufactory yindlela yokuvelisa imveliso eyenza kuqala ukwenziwa komshishini omkhulu. Nangona kunjalo, igama elithi "i-manufactory" lixabiso eliqela. Isetyenziselwa ukuchonga isigaba esithile sokuphuhliswa kwemveliso yongxowa-mali kunye nohlobo lwe-capitalist enterprise. Ngokuqhelekileyo i-manufactory ibizwa ngokuba yimveliso yefektri ehlotshiswe ngumshini. Ukutyunjwa kweentlobo ezahlukahlukeneyo zokusekwa kwezandla, iifekthi, ingakumbi impahla kunye nokugaya, igama elithi "manufactory" livakala.

Umkhiqizo ngowokuqala, ukuveliswa kwemveliso. Oku kubonakaliswa yileli gama elithi "manufactura", elisungulwe ngokuhlanganiswa kwamagama amabini esiLatini: "manus" - "isandla" kunye ne "factura" - "ubugcisa." Ukusetyenziswa kwebasebenzi besikhokelo ngenye yezinto eziphambili ezibonakalisa izinto ezisetyenziswayo kwiifekthi kunye nezityalo, umsebenzi osekelwe kumveliso womatshini kunye nomthumeli.

Ukuze kucaciswe umbuzo "yiyiphi into eyenzekayo", okokuqala, umntu kufuneka aphendule kwimbali yoko kwenzeka. Abaphambi kwayo babeyi-ergasteries yama-antigate (ii-workshops), ama-artels ajikelezayo aphakathi, ama-workshops ezobugcisa kunye nemibutho yabo (ii-workshops). Ekupheleni kweeNkcazo zoMphakathi, iivenkile ezilawula ukuveliswa kwemveliso, imithetho ebekwayo, ihambisa imiyalelo kwaye ilawulwa umgangatho weemveliso, yayeka ukuhambelana neemeko zangaphambili. Ukwenza umfanekiso ogqityiweyo wento ephikisayo, kubalulekile ukuba ugcine ingqalelo kwizinto ezifunekayo ukuze kwenzeke oko. Imfuno yokuveliswa kwemveliso emikhulu yabonakala ngexesha lokuba imisebenzi yezandla kunye nezohwebo zanda, ukufunyanwa kweendawo zenziwa, kwaye kwakhiwa imarike yokuveliswa kwempahla. Ngaloo ndlela, ngexesha lokungabikho kwamandla asebukhosini eFransi (ngekhulu le-17), kwakukho isidingo esandayo sokwenza izinto ezixabisekileyo ezenzelwe ukwanelisa izicelo zobungqina. Iimveliso ezinkulu, iimveliso ezibonakalayo, kubonakala kuninzi kumakhaya ase-ducal, ifenisha evelisiweyo, i-tapestries, izitya, ubucwebe, amakhadi okudlala kunye nezinye izinto zokunethezeka.

Yona yeyokuqala eYurophu ithathwa njengefowuni yase-porcelain, eyasungulwa ngo-1710 kwinqaba yase-Albrechtsburg (Meissen). Kamva, amabhizinisi ekuvelweni kwemveliso yemveliso eyahlukeneyo avela kwiidolophu ezininzi zaseYurophu.

Yintoni eyenziwa, eRashiya yazi kwiXVII inkulungwane. Ngaloo xesha, kwakukho iindibano zeseburhulumenteni (iibhotwe) kunye neentengiso zorhwebi, ezazineempawu ezahlukileyo zokuvelisa. Ukukhula okuphawulekayo kwemveliso eyenziwa ngokugqithisileyo kwagqalwa phantsi kwePetros I. Ekupheleni kwekhulu le-18 ukuya kwele-19 leminyaka, ama-enterprises alolu hlobo ayenziwe, amaninzi awo asebenza ngempumelelo namhlanje. Ngokomzekelo, inkampani endala ye-textile eMoscow OAO "Iimbali ezintathu zeempahla."

Ukuveliswa akusiyo kuphela isigaba ekuphuhlisweni kwemveliso yezoshishino zanamhlanje. Umgangatho weemveliso ezenziwe ngabagcisa zide kakhulu kunomgangatho wemveliso yefektri. Eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu indima yokuvelisa ngokukodwa ekugcineni izithethe zobugcisa kwimifanekiso yokuhlobisa nokusetyenziswa, njengoko ukwenziwa kwemveliso ekhethekileyo eyenziwa namhlanje ngezandla zabagcisa.