Umntu wokuqala sikhwele Mount Everest? Ziziphi unyaka sikhwele Mount Everest?

Republic of Nepal, eyaziwa ngokuba indawo awazalelwa kuyo Buddha, lelona lizwe kakhulu weentaba ehlabathini. Kwelinye icala langasentla kubhaliwe erhangqwe Enkulu zeHimalaya Range, iincopho odumileyo eziliqela ama- 8,000, kuquka Mount Everest sise - le ntaba iphezulu ehlabathini (8848 meters).

Everest: Ngubani iphumelele indawo koothixo

Ngokutsho inkolelo ethandwayo, le ndawo yayigqalwa ehlala woothixo, ngoko akukho mntu khona, kuye ekusafuneka azinyuke.

Phezulu ihlabathi nokuba igama elikhethekileyo: Chomolungma ( "Umama - isithixokazi woxolo") - kwi eTibet kunye Sagarmatha ( "usuke wanebunzi ezulwini") - le Nepalese. Everest oko kwazeka kuphela ngo1856, asiyi pfumelelani na China ne-Indiya, kwakunye wobubi ngqo ukuthiya - intshisakalo yaseBritani, umphengululi-kwendawo, emkhosini ezityikitywe kwelinye - Dzhordzh Everest, owaba nako ukuchonga indawo ngqo ze kwiincopho zeHimalaya kuqala, nokuphakama kwalo. Sewayini nangoku kumaxesha ngamaxesha kukho iimbambano malunga ntaba, ibekwe kwelaseAsiya, angabi igama yaseYurophu. Ngubani kuqala yoyiswa Everest --lenga apho amaphupha phantse yonke ebona?

Eziphambili ubuhle phezulu kwihlabathi

Nature Everest zamatye, ikhephu ice obungunaphakade ukusongela kakhulu kwaye bavumile ezintle. Kukho phantse lonke alawulwa ukubanda (ukuya ku -60 ° C), ngumkhuba rhoqo - zekhephu kunye izilayidi ikhephu, kunye iincopho intaba macala onke ezikhule okubi isantya ibhudlwa umoya esikwaziyo 200 km / h. Lisendaweni malunga 8000 neemitha iqala "ummandla ukufa", obizwa ngokuba hlobo ngenxa yokunqongophala kwe-oksijini (30% yemali ekhoyo kwinqanaba elwandle).

Umngcipheko ngenxa ntoni?

Noko ke, nakuba loo iimeko ezinzima zendalo, ekoyiswa Everest yaba kwaye iphupho mountaineers ezininzi ehlabathini lonke. Yima phezu imizuzu embalwa ukuya ezantsi kwimbali, khangela ihlabathi evela ezulwini ukuphakama phantsi - le nto ntsako? Ngokuba lixesha ayilibale loo climbers bazimisele ukubeka ubomi babo. Kunye nengozi yokuba esazi ukuba ahlale enyeleni unexplored ka ngonaphakade kanaphakade. izinto ukufa kunokwenzeka, apho kukho ukunqongophala ioksijini, frostbite, ukwenzakala, ukusilela intliziyo, iingozi ezibulalayo kwaye nkqu nodlala namdla.

Ngoko ke, ngo-1996, iqela climbers ukusuka Japan ukuya eqhineni Everest wadibana Indians amathathu - climbers ababenze urhulumente osabekayo. Bafa ngenxa yokuba i yaseJapan babengenayo nayiphi na uncedo, "okhuphisana", akanandaba bedlula. Ngowe-2006, climbers 42, kunye nabasasazi isiteshi «Discovery» akanandaba kudlule kancinci ababulawa emzimbeni eliNgesi uDavide Sharp, wazama ukuba udliwano-ndlebe naye kunye uthathe ifoto. Ngenxa yoko, Bobi abakhetha ndedwa koyisa Mount Everest, wabulawa frostbite neoksijini yindlala. Enye climbers Russian Alexander abramov oogxa izenzo ezinjalo ithi: "lisendaweni kwama-8,000 yeemitha umntu ofuna ukoyisa summit, zigcwele ngokupheleleyo kwaye akukho imikhosi ezongezelelweyo ukuncedisa kwemiqathango liphakamile."

Ukuzama George UMallory: yimpumelelo okanye akunjalo?

Ngoko emva bonke kuqala oyisa Mount Everest? Ukuvulwa George Everest; enaningenzelwanga oyisa entabeni, yaba negalelo ngumnqweno ongalawulekiyo lwe climbers ezininzi ukufikelela encotsheni kwehlabathi, ukuba yokuqala (ngo-1921) wagqiba ekubeni Dzhordzh Mellori - Everest yesizwe. Ngelishwa, ezama sakhe asiphumelelanga: ikhephu enzima, imimoya enamandla kunye nokungabikho amava uyaziphakamisa ukuya kubude ebona British bayeka. Kodwa lokuceba alinakuzuzwa UMallory uAlesandire, kwaye waphumeza ekunyukeni ezimbini akuphumelelanga (ngo-1922 no-1924). Ngexesha hambo lokugqibela Dzhordzh Mellori kunye neqabane lakhe Endryu Irvin of ligquba wanyamalala ngokupheleleyo. Last kuloo msantsa emafini unyuka usiya phezulu kubo wabona enye amalungu ohambo Noel Odell. Kuphela emva kweminyaka 75, hambo wophendlo American UMallory uhlala kwafunyanwa kwintaba ephakame kweemitha 8155. Ngokusekelwe indawo yabo, loo climbers yawa kungena enzonzobileni. Kwakhona kwizangqa zemfundo, ekufundeni efanayo kunye iintsalela indawo yabo, kuye kwacetyiswa ukuba George UMallory - umntu wokuqala ukoyisa Everest. kwaye abakufumana umzimba Endryu Irvina kaThixo.

iminyaka 1924-1938 waniphawula ngumbutho kusekho iqela matutu, Noko ke, impumelelo. Emva kwabo phezu Everest ixesha undilibele, kuba Second World War.

trailblazers

Ngubani kuqala oyisa Mount Everest? Storm nepokorimuyu phezulu isigqibo ngo-1952 i-Swiss, kodwa ukuphakama ubuninzi onqamlezwe ngabo bema kwi 8.500 eemitha, iimitha 348, akazange siwele climbers ngenxa yemozulu embi.

Xa sicingela ukuba UMallory ayikwazanga ukuya encotsheni yentaba iphezulu ehlabathini, umbuzo lowo wokuqala oyisa Mount Everest, singakwazi ngokukhuselekileyo sithi - New Zealand Edmund Hillary ngo-1953, kwaye akukho ngokwakhe, kunye nomncedisi - Sherpa Norgay Tenzing .

Hi ndlela leyi, Sherpa (Tibetan, "Cher" - ngasempumalanga, "pa" - abantu) - bantu, ngaphandle apho, mhlawumbi, akakho umntu uya kukwazi ukufikelela phezulu athandwayo kangaka. Le ntaba abantu bahlala e Nepal kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-500 eyadlulayo. Kuyinto elula ukuba Sherpas likwazile ugwencele Mount Everest, kuba le ntaba - kwilizwe labo, nto leyo eqhelekileyo endleleni yonke ukusuka ebuntwaneni.

Sherpas - wayexatyiswa ethembekileyo kwindlela eya phezulu

Sherpas - Abantu abalungileyo-natured kakhulu abangakwaziyo zicaphukise nabani. Kubo, ekubulaweni iingcongconi eziqhelekileyo okanye mouse endle uthathwa isono eyoyikekayo, nto leyo efunekayo otmalivat kakhulu. Thina Sherpas babe ulwimi lwabo, kodwa ngoku phantse wonke umntu uthetha IsiNgesi. Kule mpumelelo inkulu Edmund Hillary - oyisa yokuqala Everest. Xa ngumbulelo ngenxa uncedo olukhulu ngalo imali yawo yokwakha isikolo kwenye yeedolophu eziphambili.

Nangona zonke kwii yobomi Sherpa impucuko indlela yabo yokuphila ngaphandle kolawulo olungqingqwa solusapho. zokuhlala zemveli - indlu zamatye ezinemigangatho emibini kumgangatho osezantsi apho idla nokubakho iinkomo, yak, iigusha, neebhokhwe, yaye intsapho ngokwayo idla ibekwe kumgangatho wesibini; kukho ikhitshi, igumbi lokulala, igumbi ophilayo. ezimbalwa Furniture. Ngenxa mountaineers nguvulindlela kunjalo kungekudala kwixesha elidlulileyo kwakukho umbane; igesi okanye uhlobo zokufudumeza ukuba kude kangaka nje. Zibe kukudla ukupheka basebenzisa yak inkunkuma, leyo ziqokelelwa yomile kwi ematyeni.

Alinakuzuzwa Mount Everest ... ngubani kuqala woyisa ntaba ezikude: Edmund Hillary okanye Dzhordzh Mellori? Izazinzulu ufuna impendulo ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, kwakunye impendulo yombuzo oko nyaka oyisa Everest ngo-1924 okanye ngo-1953.

Amarekhodi Everest

Everest yaba ngaphezu komntu omnye, nkqu iirekhodi bafakwa kwi ekunyukeni okwethutyana ukuya phezulu. Ngokomzekelo, ngowe-2004 Sherpa Pemba Dorj weza kuye evela kwinkampu lesakhelo iiyure 10 imizuzu 46, lo gama uninzi climbers kwi efanayo kuthatha iintsuku eziliqela. Ekhule wehla entabeni ngo-1988, i-engumFrentshi Jean-Marko Buaven, Noko ke, wenza ngokutsiba ukuba paroplane.

Abasetyhini oyisa Mount Everest, akukho ndlela ngaphantsi ebantwini, yaye ngeenkani kwaye gqolo soyise zonke ekunyukeni kwemitha ukuya phezulu. Ingqalo isiqingatha wamhle yoluntu 1975 yaba Japanese kaJunko Tabey, kwiintsuku ezili-10 - Phantog, ebona Tibetan.

Ngubani kuqala oyisa Everest ebantwini abadala? Umnqobi mdala zincopho ungumhlali kunyaka-76 ubudala of Nepal - Min Bahadur Sher Khan, omncinane - oneminyaka eli-13 ubudala American Jordan romero. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba nokuqhubekela phambili omunye umnqobi oselula i "top wehlabathi" - Sherpa Temba Tseri oneminyaka eli-15 ubudala, umzamo lwakowabo aluphumelelanga ngenxa yokungabikho amandla kunye frostbite izandla zozibini. Ekubuyeleni Tembe 5 iminwe inqunyulwe ukuba zange ayeke naye, woyisa Mount Everest ukuba liphakama yesibini.

Phakathi kwabantu abakhubazekileyo kufuneka umntu wokuqala ukoyisa Everest. Oku Mark Inglis, wavuka waya encotsheni zehlabathi ngo-2006 ngoncedo zitho. Hero nokuba uncokole ukuba ngokungafaniyo nezinye climbers, hayi iinzwane zaqina. Ke yena iinyawo zaqina ngaphambili ngexesha uzama onokunyuka ephakeme kunazo e New Zealand - Mount Cook, emva koko imilenze.

Kuyabonakala ukuba, Everest unamagunya athile omlingo kuyo ukuba amakhulu climbers nomhlambi. Aloyisa kwakhona abuya umva, ukuzama kwakhona ukuba wenze oko.

peak elinesoya - Mount Everest

Ngubani waba ngowokuqala ukuba ukwenyuka Mount Everest? Kutheni abantu ukuze azotywe kule ndawo? Izizathu zoku abaninzi. Kumnyumbaza luvo, ukungabikho uchulumancile, umnqweno uzivavanye nesithukuthezi yobomi bemihla ngemihla ....

Texas usozimali Dick Bass - umntu oyisa Everest. Yena akayi kuba ebona yobungcali, zange kuchitha iminyaka elungiselela eqhineni eziyingozi kunye wagqiba ukoyisa kwincopho zelimiweyo kanye, njengoko bathi: apha kwaye ngoku. Bass wayekulungele ukuhlawula nayiphi na imali kwabo negalelo ekuqondweni kwephupha lakhe ebonakala ingenakwenzeka.

Dick Bass bayakwazi ukufikelela uyincopho Mount Everest, kunye nabancedisi kwi hambo ukuba bahlanganise kweqela ziphunyezwe intuthuzelo usozimali ekhwela; Abantu ababethwele umthwalo lonke, iintente, amatanki ioksijini, amanzi, ukutya. Oko kukuthi, ekunyukeni kwenzeka ukuba "zonke ebandakanya wonke" kwaye kwaba ekuqaleni yokuhamba yorhwebo ukuya phezulu.

Yaba ukususela ngoko, ukususela 1985, ukuya kufikelela encochoyini kuba nabani na ukwenza imali eyaneleyo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, indleko onjalo ukwenyuka yahluka ukusuka-40 ukuya ku-85 amawaka eerandi, kuxhomekeke ecaleni kunyuka intaba. Ukuba uhambo lwenzeka kwi inxalenye Nepal, kuyabiza kuba kufuneka imvume eyodwa kukumkani, exabisa amawaka-10 eerandi. Imali eseleyo luhlawulelwe lombutho hambo.

Aze umtshato ...

Ngowe-2005, Mona Mulet kunye PEM amacala ukudlalwa ngaphezulu zomtshato yehlabathi. Ukwenyuka mntanam, esi sibini amhluba okwemizuzu embalwa zeemaski ioksijini, ngokubeka ezintanyeni nezidanga emveli elimbala. Ke PEM obubomvu umgubo wathambisa wanebunzi umtshakazi ukuze babonakalise umtshato. Abantu abasandul 'isenzo sakhe kugcinwa ziyimfihlo wonke umntu: ngabazali, abahlobo, amaqabane umkhankaso, kuba ibikholosile kwi ukuphumelela yezenzo ezicwangcisiweyo.

Ngoko ke abantu abaninzi kangakanani khwela Mount Everest? Okumangalisayo kukuba, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ngaphezulu kwama-4,000 abantu. Kwaye ke xesha kangangoko ngokunyuka iimeko zemozulu gentle kuthathwa ukuba ube ngumthombo nasekwindla. Liyinyaniso elokuba, lo idyll ithatha ixesha elincinane - nje iiveki ezimbalwa, ukuba climbers bazama ukusebenzisa echumayo kakhulu.

Ngokwe-manani abo koyisa Everest esifa zonke ezilishumi, kunye inkoliso iingozi kwenzeka ngexesha yokwehla, xa amandla beziphantse ukumka. Isondlo, wena ndinokulunyuka Mount Everest kwiintsuku nje ezimbalwa. Ukuziqhelisa, intlanganisela ngokuthe ngcembe yaye kuxhanyulwa abadala kunye ukunqanda ezifunekayo.