Umyalezo weimeyile - is ... wentsholongwane egazini. I-umyalezo we sifo

IiForam amayeza ukuhlola imiba eyahlukeneyo. Omnye, umzekelo, wasikhangela umfanekiso lwezonyango, oko njengokubonisa izifo. Amanye amacandelo Medicine wabancina neziphumo esisabela ngayo abo okanye ezinye izinto. Eyona nto ibaluleke ngokukodwa kwi uxilongo kunye nokukhetha unyango kwixesha elizayo bandiqumbisa imiba ngezifo. Umyalezo weimeyile - oku indawo nje ze iphande izizathu. Kamva kweli nqaku sihlolisise le kota.

Overview

Umyalezo weimeyile - yenza isifo apho ukwenzeka kufuna edibanisa engundoqo impembelelo factor kunye aggregate ofanelekileyo ukutyhileka iimeko ukunyaniseka kwayo ngaphakathi nangaphandle. Njengoko iziganeko ukunisa unokwenza iityhefu, magciwane, sesichengeni, ukwenzakala, kunye nezinye imichiza ezininzi, eziphilayo kunye neziphumo ezibonakalayo. Isifo angenzeka neemeko emzimbeni, ukudinwa, ukuphazamiseka esidla, engeyiyo kwemigangatho kunye neendawo bume. Idlala indima ebalulekileyo kunye iimpawu eziphilayo. Ezi ziquka, ingakumbi, iquka ngesondo, ubudala, kweejini, kunye nabanye.

izinto

Ingqiqo umyalezo ayiphelelanga yezizathu ezithile. Ikakhulu ngenxa sifo, ukongeza ngezenzeko ingqondo kufuneka iimeko ezithile ezifanelekileyo kuye. Umzekelo, iStreptococcus, ndikho em- ngomlomo nje saprophyte ngenxa yeziphumo elide of amaqondo obushushu asezantsi kubangela angina. Oku kungenxa buthathaka kweendlela zomzimba. Nezinti esifo ukubola komqala ngaphandle ebangela izinto (ukudinwa, indlala) nga swi ukuzibonakalisa. Kudla kukho iimeko xa enye into efanayo senze kwezinye iimeko, etiologic, yaye abanye - izinto. Umzekelo emzimbeni. Oku, kwelinye icala, ebangela frostbite, yaye kwelinye - inika iimeko kangangoko ukuba ukuvela nezifo ezininzi ezosulelayo uhlobo catarrhal.

ngezigaba ezimbi

Kwezinye iimeko, umyalezo esi sifo kufuneka kuphela enye into. Kwezinye iimeko, uphando ndiyibonakalalise izinto ezininzi ukunisa. Kwimeko yokuqala, esi sifo kuthiwa mono, ngoxa yesibini - polyetiology. Uhlobo lokuqala kuquka, umzekelo, umkhuhlane, umqala obuhlungu. Kodwa nesifo sentliziyo amiliswe ngenxa negcushuwa, rheumatism kunye nezinye izinto ezininzi. I-umyalezo we sifo ukumisela Okukodwa yayo kunye nonyango pathogenetic. Umzekelo, ukuba iqondo sandla kunye noqikelelo olumalunga nesmarado staphylococcal kunye anthrax babe umahluko omkhulu. Kwakhona, ezicacileyo ezithile ezahlukeneyo iindidi lwegazi, leyo ezinokubangelwa zombini zinto neurogenic kunye sezintso. Unobangela emathunjini yi ucinezelo yangaphandle kwamathumbu okanye ukuvaleka nezibilini zayo.

IZENZO

Ukwahlula phakathi-ngexesha elinye (trauma, ukutsha) kunye elide (yendlala, ulosuleleko) nefuthe ingqondo senzeko. La nayo ibandakanya umyalezo. Le ukusebenza akhawunti ukulungiselela uphuhliso ibakala ahlekise okanye engapheliyo sifo. Ngenxa yeemeko - zexesha elide okanye elifutshane - kule womuntu wasilela kwiinkqubo ezahlukeneyo. Oku kanye yintoni unobangela sifo, apho ubukhulu becala ngenxa yezi zokuphula.

Treatment kunye nokuthintela

Umyalezo weimeyile - le yenye izezona zinto ziphambili indlela ethile unyango. Chonga izinto ezibangela kunye neemeko nophuhliso ngezifo, ungakhetha indlela ukuba uza kuphelisa yonke kusungula. Kuphela kulo mzekelo, ngokwenene ukuphumeza iziphumo ezidibanisayo. Lidlala indima ebalulekileyo, kunye nothintelo. Isifo ingathintelwa xa kupheliswe kwangethuba oonobangela yayintsholongwane eyosulela kunye izizathu ezibangela oko. Umzekelo, Ubhaqo bacilli carrier olwenziwa, ukulahlwa iingcongconi entsimini enokubakho seengcongconi, uthintelo kukwenzakala. Nangona kunjalo, akusoloko kusenzeka ukuba oyena nobangela kunye neemeko nophuhliso ngezifo. Kule meko sithetha ngayo umyalezo ezingaziwayo. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, njengoko umthetho, isigulana iya phantsi kweliso gqirha. Kunye nale unesifo umahluko, esweni imeko yayo. Amaninzi oogqirha kunyango Kwiimeko ezinjalo, ukumisela "ungaveli".

Le umyalezo SESWEKILE sinwenwa

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kukho ubungqina bokuba ngenene ukuba oyena nobangela seswekile ngumba yemfuza. Isifo bobabo engqondweni polygenic. iziseko zawo ibekwe ubuncinane ezimbini sofuzo njengesi ngo seswekile b-chromosome, nto leyo unodibaniso kunye lolu phando-nkqubo. Le yokugqibela, nayo, kugqiba impendulo ethile eziphilayo kunye neziphumo zayo antigen. Ngokusekelwe imfundiso polygenic ilifa seswekile, izifo zofuzo njengesi ezimbini okanye ezimbini iqela inheritable sofuzo. Kwabanye abantu, kukho ukuthambekela ngokoyiswa kwenkqubo samathambo, okanye novakalelo okwandayo iiseli ezithile izilwa-buhlungu wentsholongwane egazini, bewuhlisele okukwazi ukulwa iintsholongwane. Yemfuza lolu phando-nkqubo amagosa amakishayo sifuze.

Ngowe-1987, D. Foster lwabonisa ukuba enye izakhi uthambekele ukuba esi sifo ebekwe kwi-B-chromosome. Ngenxa yoko kukho unxulumano phakathi seswekile sinwenwa kunye leukocytes antibodies ezithile ebantwini. Bona beminwe yemfuza ye histocompatibility oluntsonkothileyo enkulu. Nabo ke, akhiwe kule chromosome.

Ukuhlelwa zofuzo le histocompatibility ezimbaxa ezinkulu

Kukho iindidi ezintathu. Zofuzo ayahluka uhlobo iiproteni ikhodi kunye nokubandakanyeka kwabo kuphuhliso lweenkqubo omzimba. Eklasini enye iqulethe ngeso A, B, C. Bona bayakwazi ujiko awakwazi ukuba afumaneka kuzo zonke iiseli equlethe core. Ezi zinto enze umsebenzi wokhuseleko kusulelo (ubukhulu becala lohlobo). Zofuzo iklasi 2, elele phezu D-kummandla iqulethe ngeso DP, DQ, DR. Zazo awakwazi ukuba inokuchazwa kuphela kwiiseli immunocompetent. Ezi ziquka monocytes, iiseli T, kunye nabanye. Namacandelo class 3 imfuza ezinonxulumano ngumphelelisi ithumba necrosis ombane kunye abathuthi ukuba nakunxibelelwano lomzimba processing.

Kutshanje, kukho ingcamango yokuba ilifa insulin-ixhomekeke seswekile ezinxulumene kuphela iziqalelo lolu phando-nkqubo, kodwa isakhi usebenzisa ikhowudi kwi Yindibanisela insulin, immunoglobulin uqhagamshelo chain enzima T-cell receptor kunye nabanye. Abantu babe ukuthambekela ongaphakathi IDDM, kukho utshintsho ntshikilelo lokusingqongileyo. okukwazi buthathaka iiseli zabo antiviral cytotoxic nise umonakalo phantsi kwempembelelo ezincinane yayintsholongwane eyosulela kunye namacandelo imichiza.

ezinye izizathu

Xa IDDM inokuba umyalezo wentsholongwane egazini. Amaninzi, ukuvela leengxaki negalelo rubella (pathogen ufumana ukuze nemisele zepancreas, ngoko zigcinwe yaye beluphindwe kuzo), mumps (kaninzi kubonwa ngazo abantwana emva nobhubhane izifo, iminyaka 1-2), virus hepatitis B kunye Coxsackievirus B (beluphindwe Insular izixhobo) usuleleko mononukleoznaya, umkhuhlane kunye nabanye. Isibakala sokuba into kujongwa enxulumene nophuhliso seswekile, uqinisekiswe zonyaka ka sifo. IDDM lidla olufunyanwa ngabantwana ekwindla nasebusika, ufikelela incopho yawo ngo-Oktobha nangoJanuwari. Kwakhona izigulane zegazi zinokuxela titers aphezulu antibodies kwamagciwane. Abantu abafa seswekile ngenxa iindlela immunofluorescent yophando kwi nemisele ka Langerhans waphawula ngamasuntswana wentsholongwane egazini.

Umgaqo esebenza ngayo pathogen

Esi sifundo zovavanyo olwenziwa yi M. Balabolkin ukuqinisekisa ukubandakanyeka usulelo kuphuhliso kwesi sifo. Ngokutsho imibono yakhe, abantu abanentsholongwane, bathanda seswekile sinwenwa, senze ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

- waphawula etsolo cell kukwenzakala (umz Coxsackie B virus);

- kukho ukuzingisa (ukuphila ixesha elide) virus (rubella) ukwenza iinkqubo samathambo kwi ijwabu esigcwele.

Le umyalezo kwesibindi

Kuxhomekeka ezibangela, le ngezifo zahlulwe zibe ngamaqela amathathu. Ezi ziquka, ngokukodwa:

1. Zinto ethile etiological.
2. Zinto eshukumisa impikiswano.
3. Of umyalezo ayaziwa.

Isifundo oonobangela umonakalo

Ukuze ubone izinto ezibangela kwesibindi, ndiqhuba izifundo unyango, nyhikityha kunye elabhoratri. Ngelo xesha ukuseka i uxhulumaniso kunye nokusetyenziswa kakhulu kotywala. Kangangexesha elide ukukholwa ukuba kwesibindi kwenzeka iimeko ukungondleki utywala. Kule nkalo, le ngezifo yayisaziwa ngokuba alimentary okanye yesondlo. Ngowe-1961, Beckett udale umsebenzi apho wachaza utywala hepatitis kwisigaba oyingozi. Ngelo xesha ke kucetyiswa ukuba esi sifo kwandisa umngcipheko kwesibindi ezinxulumene ukusebenzisa utywala. Kamva kusekwa ifuthe ethanol ekuphuhliseni hepatitis ityhefu, leyo ungahambisa umonakalo ilungu inyama hematopoietic. Oku kusebenza ingakumbi kwakhona Ukugqithiswa esi sifo.

Eyingozi balawule ethanol

Kwesibindi, nto leyo ebangelwa butywala, optionally nge amanqanaba zokuphuhlisa hepatitis ahlekise okanye engapheliyo. Ezizifo kuguqulelwa kwezinye enye indlela. Xa iyonke kukho nezigaba ezithathu eziphambili:

- aphezu angakwazi umzimba;

- abanesigulo ne mesenchymal reaction;

- ukuqina.

Umngcipheko elivela sifo ngenxa kweminyaka eli-15 ukusetyenziswa ngokugqithisileyo utywala mkhulu amaxesha 8 lowo uthatha indawo kwi seminyaka emihlanu wokwamkelwa utywala. Pekvigno ukuchonga iingozi ethanol esithathwa uphuhliso zesibindi kwesibindi. Kuyinto 80 g ngosuku (200 g yevodka). A idosi eyingozi imihla kukusetyenziswa-160 g utywala kunye nangaphezulu. Kwixesha elizayo, "Pekvigno ifomula" lwalutshintshile. Kwabasetyhini, ubuntununtunu utywala ngaphezu kabini kunabesilisa. Ezinye tsirrozogenny oyindoda womelele amazwe lancitshiswa ku-40 g ye-ethanol ngosuku, ngexesha kwamanye sifo, ize xa uthatha 60 ml utywala. Women kwakhona ngokwaneleyo kunye ml 20 utywala ngosuku. Kuphuhliso kwesibindi utywala kwesibindi lidlala imvelaphi enkulu indima-ngqo lipopolysaccharide amathumbu - endotoxin.

ezinye izizathu

Ukuqina ezinokubangelwa iingxaki pathways izakhi uzimisele. Bobabini abantwana kunye nabantu abadala bafumene unxulumano phakathi uphuhliso ngezifo kunye A1-antitrypsin intswelo. A1-antitrypsin i glycoprotein ukuba kuhlelwe kwi hepatocyte kunye inhibitor of proteinases serine exposure nangoko (elastase, trypsin, plasmin, chymotrypsin). Ngokuchasene imvelaphi ukungaphumeleli lwenzeka cholestasis ngo-5-30% yabantwana kunye 10-15% kwesibindi kwesibindi lwenzeka eselula kakhulu. Noko ke, nkqu kwiimeko zemvelo zengqo- na ukunyhashwa ezi ALS ngokuqhelekileyo kakuhle. Xa abantu abadala bandisa amathuba yokuphuhlisa kwesibindi zesibindi nomhlaza. Oku kuyinyani ingakumbi kubantu abane emphysema. Ukusebenza kwesibindi naye kwaphulwa xa tapeworm iikhemikhali amalungiselelo amayeza. Isiphumo elibukhali linyathelo ngokutshatyalaliswa organ kunye kohlobo. Kwiimeko ezinqabe kakhulu, isibindi ukuqina kuphuhliswa. Umzekelo, carbon tetrachloride kunokubangela hepatitis iintlobo etsolo kwaye maxa wambi chronic ityhefu. Le ngezifo unako, kwezinye iimeko kunye necrosis enkulu kunye ukuqina.