Unxibelelwano mlonyeni: inkcazelo, iimpawu kunye namanqaku anika umdla

Ingcamango biogeocoenose yenzululwazi zadalwa yi Isazinzulu Russian Vladimir Sukachev. Inika abalinganiswa ebanzi iinkqubo zendalo, kwaye uphonononga iintlobo ezahlukeneyo leendibano phakathi kwezahlulo ecosystem: izityalo, izilwanyana, izinto ezincinci eziphilayo. ukufunda kakhulu ngokukodwa zonke iintlobano zasemanzini zaqhutywa enye izazinzulu Russian - V. Beklemishev osiwuvelisileyo iintlobo ezine kubo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba uxhulumaniso mlonyeni - oko indalo yenye yeyona ixhaphakileyo leendibano of izakhiwo zendalo eziphilayo iintlobo. Baya kuvavanywa kweli nqaku.

Ingcamango nalo

Phambi kokuba ukuhlola umbuzo njani iibhondi mlonyeni akhiwa kule biocenosis, kuyimfuneko ukuba aqhelane umongo ngokobugcisa nomba iyona. Oku kubhekisele, ubudlelwane bexesha ekhoyo oqhagamshelwano phakathi zezinto eziphilayo ezininzi ezixhomekeke kuhlobo abantu onemveliso - nomkakhe. Eziphilayo kakhulu nazo kule ndima kukho izityalo kunye nezilwanyana. Bakhonza undoqo, ngokubonelela abantu zezinye iintlobo, ingakumbi ngokutya kunye nokhuseleko. iisampulu Live isihlobo ukuba inkonsortu endokonsortami kusenokuba, umzekelo, umjikelo okanye iteyiphu ziimpethu - ziimpethu izilwanyana kunye nabantu. Ekokonsorty - eziphilayo phezu (ngamnye, zezona undoqo, umzekelo, sweeper intlanzi, awayengabemi umzimba ukrebe).

Ukuba bayeza nabo inkonsortom, zibizwa ngokuba ekzokonsortami (umz iinyosi ubusi ukuqokelela incindi evela iintlobo ezithile yezityalo).

Trophic kunye mlonyeni ngenxa zamaqumrhu ezahlukeneyo

Ukuba kernel bubonakaliswe umzimba mnye, oko kuthiwa uluntu ngamnye, kwaye ukuba bonke abantu okanye abameli zonke iintlobo, ngoko loo nequmrhu ebizwa ngokuba bonke abantu. Trophic noqhagamshelwano mlonyeni kwenzeka ingakumbi ngokukhawuleza abathile sinuzialnoy consortium. Kulo mzekelo, omnye ecobiomorphs - iqela eziphilayo autotrophic kwezityalo ze yokwakheka efanayo kunye neempawu nokomzimba ehlala iimeko ezifanayo abiotic. Ngokomzekelo, iqela nganiso ubumanzi bothando izityalo Division gymnosperms - Conifers (ngemisipres, nespruce, larch), ikhule kwindawo eqhelekileyo - iifom ezihlala sinuzialnuyu consortium.

Imisebenzi ye Beklemisheva

Ukuze ufumane inkcazelo zonke izinto ezintsonkothileyo nezahlukeneyo ubudlelwane evela ngaphakathi biogeocoenose amalungiselelo banikwa lwendawo kweentlobo xa kuthelekiswa omnye komnye, isazinzulu Russian Beklemishev isicelo elide unxibelelwano mlonyeni. Imizekelo ebonisa nokudaleka, zibonisa ukuba ezinye izinto ezichaphazela abanye ngenxa yotshintsho imiba yokusingqongileyo. Njengoko Scientist wathi, isiphumo siya kuba uxhulumaniso mlonyeni moya izinto abiotic lokusingqongileyo, oko kukuthi, ukuyilwa kwento esiphilayo kwezinye iimeko physico-yemichiza ezithile ngobukho abantu omnye iintlobo. Ngenxa yoko, xa inzululwazi yanamhlanje ingcamango amakhonkco mlonyeni Beklemishev kuqaliswa. Ngoko emanzini biocoenosis - edikeni, umntu ukubala imizekelo ngaphezulu kwe 125 nolwalamano esematheni izityalo kunye nezilwanyana.

Umzekelo, chwetheza uhlabamanzi Luetke ibeka amaqanda kwi parenchyma igqabi izityalo nezilwanyana zasemanzini ezifana arrowhead, yellow amanzi-njengenyibiba, kunye neentlobo ngamnye arrow - inxalenye esezantsi ibe likhaba Igqabi kwezityalo efanayo. eziphilayo zasemanzini bahlala emachibini, ikakhulu ukusebenzisa izityalo njenge zeendawana ukwenzela ukugcinwa amaqanda nokondla kombungu kunye abadala nabantu zohlobo olufanayo - eziphilayo emanzini bahlala amagqabi, iziqu kunye neengcambu izityalo emanzini - abalimi.

Indima izityalo kwinto yokuba kusekwe amakhonkco mlonyeni

Abameli flora ukudala nje iimeko ezisisiseko ngenxa yomphefumlo kwezinye izinto, kodwa bona ngokwabo ukuphembelela ngokubonakalayo zinto abiotic. Ngoko ke, ngenxa amahlathi ezininzi amahlathi ashinyeneyo kunye eSiberia kumiwa linani elikhulu izinto eziphilayo kule mimandla a microclimate ekhethekileyo ezadalwa-photosynthesis.

Lubonakala yi lobushushu obutofotofo ngakumbi nokufuma kangangoko. Oku kunempembelelo entle ebomini ezincancisayo, iintaka kunye nezinambuzane - abemi yehlathi emvula hlathi. uqhagamshelo mlonyeni, imizekelo esifunde ngazo ngasentla, zibonisa ukuba zidlala indima enkulu yendalo, kunye intsebenziswano trophic.

Ubudlelwane phakathi eziphilayo kwi Arctic biocenosis

iinyani ezinika umdla malunga amakhonkco mlonyeni kunokukhokelela ngelixa ukufunda entsonkothileyo yendalo le Arctic. Entwasahlobo ukuya eyetundra kwiziqithi i-Arctic Ocean iimpukane inani elikhulu zeentaka zolwandle: guillemots, eiders, guillemots. Benza amakoloni intaka. Ngethuba iqanda-ngokubekwa (emva kwexesha Meyi - ekuqaleni kukaJuni) iintaka ukulidla yeengxondorha, ehleli phezu kwemiqhele ezingenanto zikufutshane kakhulu omnye komnye. Abamelwane zasemanzini abantu abaxhaphaza ezixhaphakileyo - nenkuku yamanzi.

Abazange awadli guillemots azo kunye murres, kodwa ukukhusela yonke indawo zasemanzini oluzalela bangaphathwa iimpungutye kunye nezinye ezidla. uqhagamshelo mlonyeni, imizekelo esifunde ngazo ngasentla, igalelo ukusinda kwabantu kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo abahlala neemeko ezigqithisileyo zemozulu lommandla Arctic.

Iimpawu ukubunjwa kobudlelwane mlonyeni in biocenosis hlathi

B. Beklemisheva lifunda sele kubonakele ukuba isiseko lobudlelane mlonyeni phakathi eziphilayo kukuba ukutshintsha parameters ubukho abantu zohlobo olufanayo ngenxa yomsebenzi eziphilayo zezinye iintlobo. Umzekelo, iindawo nompleyini eSiberia (ngumsedare eSiberia) watsala abemi abaninzi hlathi: oonomatse, chipmunk, Sable yaye, ke, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeentaka. One of them - nutcracker. Abantu kule ntlobo anemibala ngokuqaqambileyo nge iintaka ngomlomo elide kunye ziloliwe. Badla amantongomane ompayina ukugcina phantsi umaleko hlathi moss. Akhohlwe ezi izinto, iintaka negalelo ukusasazeka iintlobo ezininzi ezixabisekileyo - ngumsedare Siberian.

Iintlobo unxulumano eziphilayo emahlathini avuthulukayo

Safunda uqhagamshelo esematheni, imizekelo ukuyilwa esiye ngokutsha eziphilayo weArctic hlathi, kuya kuba njengezingaphelelanga ukuba akukho sazi into yokuba ezi ubudlelwane anokuba engenaxabiso. Ngoko ke, ngo-oki omiweyo yi amancinci Hymenoptera - noonomeva nenyongo. iimazi zayo ehla- imngene ulusu amagqabi oki kunye lesitofu parenchyma beqanda. Ezidla ukuba aqandusele kuyo yabela namathe, phantsi apho kukho ukwanda okungaqhelekanga wetshati, ebizwa ngokuba "inyongo". Kulo umbungu lukhuselwe kakuhle neentshaba ezininzi, kodwa isityalo ngokwayo kwehlisa umsebenzi photosynthesis, njengoko amagqabi abachatshazelwa ezidla izinambuzane.

unxibelelwano mlonyeni ezenzeka phakathi eziphilayo - hydrobionts

Umzekelo iphawulekayo Uthethathethwano, ezi izazinzulu Russian Beklemishev - mlonyeni, unako ukukhonza njenge umsebenzi ebalulekileyo ezinye iintlobo zentlanzi, igama "abacoci" phezu umzimba ka ezinkulu zasemanzini ubomi - sharks kunye whales. Umzekelo, oku hlobo njengoko wrasse, okanye ezinye iintlobo Shrimp zaselwandle ukuba abongikazi abemi abaninzi kweelwandle ezishushu. Kookrebe isikhumba udla yonakele neminenga olwaye lwamfimfitha manzini, umz, sandhoppers, isopods. Ukutya kwabo, abacoci asindise "abathengi 'babo kwizifo ezosulelayo ezibangelwa amagciwane isikhumba izifo. Kanjalo leentlanzi fomu nge abantu nezinye iintlobo kuphela intsebenziswano ukutya, kodwa kuchaphazela umzimba wayo, kwakunye imisebenzi ebalulekileyo.

Ukushwankathela singatsho ngokuzithemba ukuba uxhulumaniso mlonyeni, imizekelo, kwaye ukuyilwa apho thina ngokutsha kweli nqaku zinika iindidi entsonkothileyo nezahlukeneyo leendibano - zombini ngqo nengxelo-ntetho phakathi kwabantu iintlobo ezahlukeneyo yendalo - biocenoses.