Renaissance (ngokufutshane). Inkcazelo emfutshane ye Renaissance

History of the Renaissance iqala kwinkulungwane XIV. Kodwa eli xesha kuthiwa Renaissance. Imvuselelo yayekwa eYurophu Mandulo inkcubeko yaba sisandulela of the New Age inkcubeko. A Renaissance yaphela XVI-XVII iinkulungwane, njengoko kwilizwe nganye umhla wesiqalo kunye nesiphelo.

A bit kolwazi jikelele

iimpawu ezikhethekileyo Renaissance - na anthropocentrism, oko kukuthi i-umdla enkulu kwi umntu njengomntu ngamnye ishishini lakhe. Oku kubandakanya ubhalo yehlabathi lwenkcubeko. Kuluntu, kukho umdla inkcubeko yamandulo, kukho into efana "ngokutsha" yayo. Ngenxa yoko, enyanisweni, kuba wenza igama eli thuba libalulekileyo xesha. abanegama le Renaissance ingabizwa ongenakonakala UMichelangelo, Nikkolo Makiavelli yaye usoloko siphile uLeonardo da Vinci.

Renaissance (ngokufutshane iimpawu eziphambili ezichazwe kweli nqaku) ushiye umkhondo wayo yembono nenkcubeko kwi onke amazwe aseYurophu. Kodwa kwilizwe ngalinye kukho ngamnye imida zembali era. Bonke - ngenxa kuphuhliso loqoqosho nentlalo ukungalingani.

Renaissance eyaqala ngo Italy. Apha imiqondiso yakhe yokuqala ebonakalayo XIII-XIV eminyaka. Kodwa ngokuqinileyo kuphela ixesha imi- 20-kwinkulungwane XV. E Germany, France kunye namanye amagunya Renaissance Wesuka kakhulu kamva. Ekupheleni kwale XV kwekhulu uwa nokugqama liphezulu Renaissance. Kwaye kwinkulungwane elandelayo, utsho umbhodamo izimvo ngeli xesha. Ngenxa yoko, kwakukho isiganeko kwenzeka yobuciko kunye banomkhwa.

Yintoni na le xesha

Ixesha le Renaissance - ixesha xa inguqu iqala ukususela kumaxesha umphakathi wobukhosi ukuba yoohlohlesakhe. Esi isigaba yembali, xa ubudlelwane yoohlohlesakhe-nongxowankulu angekayazi, kunye iziseko zentlalo-feudal ziye ezingenakuzanyazanyiswa.

Ngexesha Renaissance, ukuba uqalisa ukwakha isizwe. Ngeli xesha, amandla ookumkani, kunye nenkxaso yabemi abaqhelekileyo ikwazile ukuba kuwoyisa amandla yezikhulu feudal. kuphela evela ingcamango obume ukuya kweli xesha kwaba umbutho ekuthiwa, ebizwa urhulumente. Ngoku kuvela neNgonyama enkulu, iziseko zazo lwekamva zesizwe kunye nembali.

I Renaissance luphawulwa kuphuhliso enkulu kobudlelwane urhwebo phakathi kwamazwe. Ngeli xesha, wenza imigama ezukileyo amazwe. Renaissance waba ixesha xa kwiziseko iithiyori zenzululwazi mihla walala. Ngoko, kwakukho inzululwazi ngeentlondi zabo ezifunyaniswe. Le zaguquka ukuba inkqubo echazwe yi ukufunyanwa lokushicilela. Kwaye yiloo nto negcina indlela Renaissance kwexesha.

Ezinye impumelelo le Renaissance

I Renaissance ngokufutshane ebonakala aphezulu empumelelo kwiincwadi. Ngenxa kokufika ukuyiprinta ikuwe laqhenqetha ezo amathuba, ezingenakulinganiswa imali ngaphambili. ngqangi yamandulo ababesukele ngathi phoenix kwiintsalela baqale iguqulelwe kwiilwimi ezininzi ize iprintwe kwakhona. Behamba kwihlabathi ukhawulezise kangangoko ngonaphakade. Inkqubo yokufunda iye yaba lula kakhulu ukukwazi zizalana ephepheni ezahlukeneyo lwesayensi kunye nobuchule.

Ukuba kuqale ngamakhoboka kunye ukufunda eli thuba iza kuboniswa kwi kumasiko zonqulo zengqondo. Ngokuphuma emlonyeni Kaluchcho Salutatti, Chancellor of the sale Republic, wenza ingxelo iSibhalo nto kodwa imibongo. Xa Renaissance ukuNcinwa ufikelela kwincopho umsebenzi wayo. Kwakunxibelelene nesibakala sokuba isifundo esinamandla kangaka imisebenzi wamandulo buthathaka nokholo kuYesu Kristu.

Renaissance Early and High

Iimpawu ze-Renaissance achazwa amaxesha amabini Renaissance khona. Ngoko ke, ixesha lonke, oosonzululwazi yahlulwe Early kunye Renaissance High Imvuselelo. Ixesha lokuqala lweminyaka 80 - ukususela 1420 ukuya 1500. Ngeli xesha, ubugcisa ayikenziwa likhululekile ngokupheleleyo iintsalela zexesha elidlulileyo, kodwa bazama ukuhlanganisa kubo iziqalelo abolekwe ezizukulwaneni zoqobo. Kuya kuthi kamva kakhulu, kancinci kakhulu amagcisa, ngenxa yempembelelo iimeko ngokupheleleyo ekutshintsheni inkcubeko kunye nobomi, abavumi ukususela kumaXesha Aphakathi kunye neziseko ngaphandle indawana isazela aqalile ukusebenzisa ubugcisa yamandulo.

Kodwa konke oku kwenzeka ngo-Italy. Kwamanye amazwe, ubugcisa ixesha elide waba lixhoba Gothic. Kuphela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XV Renaissance iqala eSpeyin kumazwe engasentla Alps. Apha, kumabakala okuqala lama kude phakathi kwenkulungwane XVI. Kodwa akukho nto unikel 'ingqalelo lwenziwe ngeli xesha.

ephakamileyo Renaissance

Ixesha yesibini Renaissance ithathwa elona xesha omangalisayo ikho. Renaissance High kwakhona lweminyaka 80 (1500-1580). Ngeli xesha, ikomkhulu lwezobugcisa eRoma, kungekhona Florence. Konke oku kwenzeka ngenxa enyukayo kwitrone uPope Julius II. Yaba indoda yebhongo. Kwakhona wayesaziwa ngokunyaniseka wakhe nomoya zoshishino. Yaba ke wathanda enkundleni yakhe abazobi Italian kakhulu. Xa Julia II kunye nabalandeli bakhe kwakhiwa eziliqela befaka omkhulu oluxonxiweyo sculpture nanto, esekelwe ezibhaliweyo kunye imizobo, ezo kuseyinto yobuciko inkcubeko yehlabathi.

Amaxesha of Renaissance art

Renaissance izimvo zaye kuqulethwe ubugcisa elo xesha. Kodwa ngaphambi kokuba sithethe ngobuchule ngokwayo, ndithanda ukuqaqambisa amanqanaba eziphambili. Ngoko ke, phawula Protorenessans okanye ixesha yoqheliso (malunga neminyaka 1260-1320) duecento (XIII v.) Trecento (XIV Art.) Yaye Quattrocento (XV Art.) Yaye Cinquecento (XVI Art.).

Kakade ke, ukulandelelana kwimida kangangeenkulungwane wayengekafiki asingqinelani kunye zigaba ezithile zophuhliso yenkcubeko. Protorenessans kwaphawula ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIII, Early Renaissance iphela ngo-1490, ngokulandelelana, njengoko Renaissance High yome phambi kokuba-1530 yee-. Kuphela e Venice, uyaqhubeka khona phambi kokuphela kwenkulungwane XVI.

Renaissance iincwadi

Renaissance iincwadi - la magama ongenakufa njengoko Shakespeare, Ronsard, noLorenzo Val, Petrarch, Du Bellay kunye nabanye. Kwaba ngexesha iimbongi Renaissance owabonisa uloyiso lwabantu phezu iintsilelo zabo iimpazamo elidlulileyo. I aphuhlileyo kakhulu iincwadi eJamani, France, eNgilani, Spain Italy.

On uncwadi IsiNgesi gqitha le kwisihobe Italy kunye nemisebenzi yamandulo. Thomas Ueyatt wazisa ifomu kspell, nto leyo intle ngokuya ngokukhawuleza ukuthandwa. Kwakhona ifumana ingqalelo kunye kspell, wadala Earl of Surrey. Imbali yoncwadi of England kunokuba efanayo abaninzi uncwadi French, nangona ukufana kuncinane.

uncwadi German le Renaissance yaziwa ngokuba Schwanks wabonakala kweli xesha. Kukuba amabali kumnandi yaye kumnandi ukuba ziyenziwa yokuqala oluqwetyiweyo olwenziwa njengemibongo, yaye kamva - in iprozi. Baxoxa ngobomi, malunga nobomi bemihla ngemihla abantu abaqhelekileyo. Konke oku bakhonza sisimbo ekukhanyeni, imibhalo ephicothayo neyolisayo, wasibeka-umva.

French Literature, Spain ne Italy

French uncwadi Renaissance uphawulwe yi iindlela ezintsha. NoMargarita Navarrskaya waba patroness ngezimvo yoHlaziyo nobuntu. E France, kuvuthwa ekuqaleni ukuya ubuchule lwesizwe kunye nasezidolophini.

I-Renaissance (ngamafutshane ingafunyanwa kwinqaku lethu) eSpeyin yahlulwe ngamaxesha ezininzi: Renaissance ekuqaleni, le Renaissance High kunye ezimbejembeje. Kuyo yonke loo Ixesha lizwe liye landa ingqalelo inkcubeko kunye nenzululwazi. ESpeyin, asakhasayo ubuntatheli, kukho yazo. Abanye ababhali iyahlangana iinjongo zonqulo kunye neengcamango zehlabathi zobuntu.

Abameli be-Italian Renaissance uncwadi Francesco Petrarca kunye Dzhovanni Bokkachcho. Baba iimbongi imifanekiso sublime kunye neengcamango lokuqala baqalisa ukuvakalisa ulwimi olucacileyo inhlamba. Le amatsha edunyiswa ibe yimpumelelo enkulu kwaye yasasazeka kwamanye amazwe.

Renaissance nobuGcisa

Iimpawu ze-Renaissance - kukuba umzimba womntu uye waba sisiqalo iphefumlelwe enkulu kunye nomxholo zokufunda ngeli xesha amagcisa. Ngenxa yoko, kugxininiswa inikwa Ukufana sculpture kunye epeyinta nenyani. Ezona mpawu ziphambili zale Renaissance art ubalisa elubengezelo lilifa esulungekisiweyo ngebrashi, umdlalo ithunzi kahle ukukhanya kusebenza kunye nokwakheka onzima. Kuba amagcisa le Renaissance aba imifanekiso eziphambili zeBhayibhile kunye iintsomi.

Xa ekupeyinteni Renaissance zifana lomntu wokwenene kunye nomfanekiso wakhe phezu ngelaphu ethile kufutshane kangangokuba umlinganiswa etsomo zibonakala usaphila. Ngomhla ubugcisa zenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, oko akunakuthethwa.

I-Renaissance (ngokufutshane intsingiselo yayo ephambili echazwe ngasentla) waqonda umzimba womntu njengento ekuqaleni ongapheliyo. Oosonzululwazi kunye amagcisa lingaphuculwa rhoqo izakhono zabo kunye nolwazi esiluzuza ngokufunda emzimbeni womntu. Emva koko, lo mbono kweyisa ukuba umntu wadalwa ngokufana kunye nomfanekiso kaThixo. Le ngxelo ibonisa bafezeke emzimbeni. Izinto eziphambili kunye ezibalulekileyo Renaissance art baba oothixo.

Ubume kunye nobuhle umzimba womntu

Renaissance art iye ihlawulwe ingqalelo enkulu kwimvelo. Izinto uphawu landscape iye izityalo ezahlukeneyo nohlaza. ithinti blue ezulwini, leyo yayize imitha yelanga, leyo ukugqobhoza phakathi kwamafu ezimhlophe umzobo engayiwayo izidalwa bokubhabha. Renaissance art Uwa phambi ubuhle umzimba womntu. Oku kubonakala kakhulu izinto ezifihlakeleyo ye izihlunu kunye nomzimba. ukuma ukuxakeka, nembonakalo yobuso nezijekulo, kakuhle kwaye ecacileyo imibala ubuchule okusegazini abakroli kunye abakroli kwexesha Renaissance. Ezi ziquka titian, uLeonardo da Vinci, Rembrandt kunye nabanye.