Uphi na ozone? Yintoni na le ozone yaye kutheni intshabalalo yayo kokubi?

Ozonosphere - inwebu emoyeni umhlaba wethu, kugcinwe inxenye kakhulu engqongqo malumga yelanga. Ezinye iintlobo kwelanga kungaba yingozi eziphilayo. Ngamaxesha athile ozonosphere iba ukubhitya, ivela nasezimfanteni ezahlukeneyo ngobukhulu. Ezivele ngenxa imingxunya phezu komhlaba Umhlaba banokuxhamla ingangena reyi yingozi. Uphi na ozone? Yintoni esinokuyenza ukuze ugcine loo nto? Ingxoxo yejografi koMhlaba kunye imvelo unikezelwa inqaku icetywayo.

Yintoni ozone?

Oksijini ehlabathini zikhona ngokohlobo iikhompawundi ezimbini ezilula sukube, inxalenye emanzini kwaye inani elikhulu kakhulu kwezinye izinto eziqhelekileyo ezingaphiliyo organic (silicates, carbonates, sulfates, iiproteins, carbohydrate, amafutha). Enye eyaziwa ngcono utshintsho allotropic element - kweziyobisi ioksijini elula, ifomula wayo - O _2. atom Second Uguqulelo kancinane - O (ozone). Ifomula weli - Malunga _ne-3. molekyuli Triatomic lamiswa xa ezigqithiseleyo lwamandla, umzekelo, ngenxa ngumbane ukuchithwa kwindalo. Okulandelayo, siya kufumanisa ukuba yintoni na ozone ngomaleko boMhlaba, kutheni balo babulingana nesandla kutshintshwe rhoqo.

Ozone phantsi kweemeko eziqhelekileyo - igesi blue ukuba ezibukhali, isongo ethile. Ubunzima molekyuli ukwimo yi 48 (ngokuba uthelekiso - Mr _(Air) = _29). Ivumba ozone embhoxo kukho isiphango, kuba emva kokuba lo nto yendalo O iimolekyuli ₃ emoyeni iba ezinkulu. Xiyimiso ukunyuka nje kuphela apho ozone, kodwa kufutshane kumphezulu womhlaba. Kuyinto afana into esebenzayo into enetyhefu eziphilayo, kodwa ngokukhawuleza dissociates (breaks). Kwiilebhu kunye nabezoshishino izixhobo ezikhethekileyo - ozone umbane - zikhukula ugesi emoyeni okanye ioksijini.

Yintoni na ozone?

Molecule O ₃ babe chemical eliphezulu kunye nomsebenzi eziphilayo. Ukufikelela ingaphezulu wesithathu mpilo diatomic sikhatshwa ngokwanda compound yokugcina amandla kunye nokungazinzi. Ozone uya lula abole abe ioksijini ezinto eziphilayo kunye yamasuntswana esebenzayo ukuba yiluciferase ngamandla nezinye izinto kunye ebulala iintsholongwane. Kodwa ke uninzi imiba enxulumene livumba compound zinxulumene wayenemfuyo kwi umoya phezu komhlaba. Yintoni na le ozone yaye kutheni intshabalalo yayo kokubi?

Ngqo kwi kumphezulu planethi kusoloko kukho umlinganiselo othile O _{lwalusanda-3,} kodwa indawo kwandisa yoxinaniso ezimbaxa. Ukuqulunqwa kwale nto yenzeka stratosphere ngenxa yemisebe yelanga kwelanga, ephethe eninzi amandla.

ozonosphere

Kukho ummandla esithubeni ngaphezu Umhlaba, apho ozone mkhulu kakhulu-sangqa kumphandle. Kodwa ngokubanzi, iqokobhe equlathe molecule O ₃ - ubhityile kwaye discontinuous. Uphi na lo ozone, okanye ozonosphere iplanethi yethu? Inconstancy zenza amaxesha isikrini ukudideka abaphandi.

Le Umoya ojikeleze umhlaba uhlala isixa esithile Kwezinto Eziphelisa, kukho kwahluka ebalulekileyo eyavela kunye data ukuphakama. Makhe sihlolisise le miba emva ukufumana indawo ngqo ze ingweletshetshe O ₃ iimolekyuli.

Uphi na ozone?

Ukwanda okuphawulekayo neemolekyuli ozone iqala kumgama-10 km kwaye kusaqhubeka ukuya ku-50 km ngaphezu komhlaba. Kodwa ke ubuninzi iziyobisi, efumaneka kwi-ntathu eziFihliweyo - yiloo nto kwikhusi. Njengoko umgama ukusuka emhlabeni kumphezulu kwandisa ozone mninzi. Amaxabiso esiphezulu kwenzeka stratosphere, indawo yayo nomphakamo km-20 ukuya kuma-25. Apha iimolekyuli O ₃ eziqulathwe amatyeli 10 kunobo ngaphantsi komhlaba.

Kodwa kutheni Ebubanzini ukuthembakala ozone yinkxalabo oososayensi kunye nabantu abaqhelekileyo? Boom phezu imeko ikhaka waqhekeza kwinkulungwane yokugqibela. Abaphengululi baye bafumanisa ukuba ozone phezu Antarctica sele aselula. Esona sizathu siphambili isenzeko sele lusekiwe - dissociation molekyuli O _3. Ukutshatyalaliswa lo yemiphumela emanyeneyo eziliqela, kwanabaziintloko kubo anthropogenic ezinxulumene nemisebenzi yabantu.

ozone hole

Kule minyaka 30-40 edlulileyo, izazinzulu ziye zaphawula imbonakalo imingxuma screen olukhuselayo ngaphezu komhlaba komhlaba. Kuyothusa uluntu lwezenzululwazi ebizwa iingxelo ukuba ozone - ikhaka yoMhlaba - iyawathoba ngokukhawuleza. Zonke eendaba phakathi kwiminyaka yee-1980, isigidimi okubhaliwe i "umngxuma" phezu Antarctica. Abaphandi waphawula ukuba umsantsa kwi-ozone kwandisa entwasahlobo. Oyena nobangela umonakalo ekukhuleni zaye zachongwa, izinto iisoyi kunye zokwenziwa - chlorofluorocarbons. Iqela yeyona ixhaphakileyo kwezi khompawundi - freon okanye iyunithi refrigerant. Kukho ngaphezu kwama-40 izinto yelo qela. Bavela kwimithombo emininzi, ngenxa yokuba izicelo ziquka iimveliso zokutya, imichiza, iziqholo kunye namanye amashishini.

Le freons composition, ngaphandle carbon yehayidrojini, ziquka halogeno: fluoro, chloro, bromo ngamanye amaxesha. Inani elikhulu kwezinto ezifana refrigerants ezisetyenziswa iifriji, izimiso umoya. Ngokwazo, freons ezizinzileyo, kodwa amaqondo obushushu aphezulu kwaye phambi arhente wemichiza esebenzayo basabela igcwala. Phakathi iimveliso yokusabela kuba imichiza leyo iyityhefu eziphilayo.

CFC, nenkcula ozone

Neechlorofluorocarbon O3 molecule basebenzisane abatshabalalise umaleko olukhuselayo ngaphezu Umhlaba. Okokuqala olindelwe ozone kwamkele kukuhla kunyuka endalo Ebubanzini, ukuba Yenzeka lonke ixesha. Kodwa ke ngokuhamba kwexesha umngxuma, njenge "umngxuma" phezu Antarctica, ziye wabonwa kuzo somhlaba saseNtla. Inani iintanda ezinjalo landile ukususela kusakhelwa yokuqala, kodwa ubukhulu zincinane kunokuba kwilizwekazi aqumbe.

Ekuqaleni, izazinzulu babengaqinisekanga ukuba ii-CFC kubangela inkqubo ozone. Ezi izinto ezinobunzima eliphezulu eziphilayo. Njengoko bafike stratosphere apho ozone, ukuba inzima kakhulu ngaphezu ioksijini, nitrogen kunye carbon dioxide? Kokuma enyukela imisinga nomoya xa kukho isiphango, kunye amalinge baye babonisa amathuba elalana kwamasuntswana ezahlukeneyo nomoya ukuze kubude 10-20 km phezu komhlaba, apho kukho umda eziFihliweyo kunye stratosphere.

Ukwahluka ababhuqi ye-ozone

Ummandla ozone wekhusi kwakhona ifumana kwenitrojeni ngenxa ukutsha kwinjini kunye moya supersonic kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo ze baxhomekeka. Kongeza izinto uluhlu leyo iba umoya ozone le ukukhutshwa zomhlaba mlilo. Ngamanye amaxesha ithombo uthuli sukube kwaye ukufikelela kubude kweekhilomitha 10-15 ize yandele amakhulu amawaka eekhilomitha.

Lo mxube phezu kumaziko amakhulu orhwebo kunye lwenqila kunegalelo ukuba dissociation le molecule e emoyeni _O-3. Isizathu sokuba ukunyusa ubungakanani mngxuma ozone nako kuqwalaselwa ukunyusa uyondelelwano lwee- ekuthiwa-greenhouse gases esibhakabhakeni, apho ozone. Ngenxa yoko, le ngxaki yehlabathi yendalo esingqongileyo kuphela yokutshintsha kwemozulu inxulumene ngqo kwimiba ephathelele ukutshatyalaliswa ozone. Isibakala sokuba greenhouse gases inezinto leyo basabela kunye O ₃ iimolekyuli. I-ozone dissociates ioksijini ebangela igcwala ezinye izinto.

Umngcipheko ukulahleka ikhaka ozone

Ingaba kukho naziphi na izithuba kwi ozonosphere emajukujukwini, imbonakalo ye-CFC kunye nezinye ezingcolisayo esesibhakabhakeni? Le miba zinokuphikiswa, kodwa isiphelo iyafana: umaleko ozone yeegesi kufuneka bafunde kwaye angagcina kwintshabalalo. iplanethi yethu ngaphandle umkhusane O lwalusanda ₃ uphelelwa ukhuseleko layo kwingqatsini yesiqalo obude ethile, umaleko wendele into esebenzayo. Ukuba isihlangu ozone ebhityileyo okanye zingekho, iinkqubo zolawulo ezisisiseko zobomi on Earth sengozini. Egqithisileyo imitha yelanga kwandisa umngcipheko yemfuza kwi kwiiseli eziphilayo.

Ukulondoloza-Ozone

Ukunqongophala data malunga Ebubanzini ikhaka kwinkulungwane edlulileyo kwaye nkulungwane nzima uqikelelo. Kwenzeka ntoni xa ozonosphere zitshatyalaliswe ngokupheleleyo? A ambalwa eminyaka oogqirha lokubona ukwanda kwenani labantu abachatshazelwa yi nomhlaza wesikhumba. Esi sesinye sezifo, nto leyo ebangela ngokugqithiseleyo yiultraviolet zokukhanya.

Ngowe-1987, inani amazwe wahambisana Yomthetho waseMontreal ngonyaka, nto leyo lujolise ekwehliseni kunye uvalwe ngokupheleleyo ekuvelisweni chlorofluorocarbons. Kwaba nje enye manyathelo aya kunceda ukugcina ozone - ultraviolet ikhaka Yomhlaba. Kodwa ii-CFC nangoku eziveliswa kwishishini kwaye ufake umoya. Kunjalo, ukungqinelana ne-Montreal Protocol kukhokelele ekunciphiseni imingxuma ozone.

Yintoni wonke angenza ntoni ukugcina ozone?

Abaphandi bacebisa ukuba ukuchacha epheleleyo zokhuselo isikrini nangoku kwamashumi ambalwa. Oku kunjalo xa inqanda ukutyhoboza ubundlobongela, ebangela ezininzi namathandabuzo. greenhouse gases bayaqhubeka flow emoyeni, uqala enomjukujelwa obuvelisiweyo kunye nezinye izithuthi isithuba, ukwandisa lwezithuthi kumazwe awahlukeneyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba izazinzulu ekusafuneka ukuphuhlisa iindlela ezisebenzayo zokukhusela ikhaka ozone ekutshatyalalisweni.

Kwinqanaba yasekhaya, ngamnye ukuze nabo babe negalelo. Ozone kuyancipha yathotywa ukuba air cleaner iya kuba ngaphantsi engenathuli, uthuthu, exhausts isithuthi ityhefu. Ukukhusela ozone kufuneka ezingcakacileyo ukunqanda ukutshisa kwenkunkuma, ukumisela lonke ukulahlwa kwabo ekhuselekileyo. Izithuthi kufuneka batshintshele ngaphezulu izibaso imvelo, kuyo yonke indawo ngaphandle iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-eneji.