UZumma Minin: i-biography, iziganeko zembali, i-militia. Kuzma Minin noPrince Dmitry Pozharsky

Ephakathi kwinqununu, kwisikwere esikhulu selizwe lethu, sisikhumbuzo esaziwayo kubo bonke, senziwa ngo-1818 ngumdwebi we-IP Martos. Ibonisa abantwana abathandekayo baseRashiya - uVuzma Minin kunye nePrince Dmitry Pozharsky, ngelixa elilukhuni kwi-Motherland eliye lakwazi ukulungelelanisa nokukhokela amawaka amabutho abantu ukuba balwe nabahlaseli. Iziganeko zale minyaka emdala ziye zaba ngamaphepha azukileyo embali yethu.

Ubutsha kunye noNizhny Novgorod

Xa u-Kuzma Minin wazalelwa, awaziwa kakuhle. Kukholelwa ukuba le nto yenzeka malunga ne-1570 kwidolophu yaseBalakhna yasePrvolzhsky. Imbali kunye namagama yabazali bakhe - uMichael noDomniki - baye bagcina. Kwakhona kwaziwa ukuba babenabantu abacebileyo, kwaye xa unyana wajika iminyaka eli-11 ubudala, wathuthela eNizhny Novgorod - enye yezona zixeko ezinkulu zeVolga. Ngaloo mihla kwamkelwa ukuba oonyana ukususela kwiminyaka yobudala, kunokwenzeka, banceda ooyise ukuba batye isonka. Ngoko uZuzma waba ngumkhwa wobasebenzi ebusheni bakhe.

Xa ekhulile, wavula yakhe ishishini. Akukude neendonga ze-Kremlin kubonakale ukubulawa kwe-Minin ngenkomo kunye nevenkile ngemveliso yenyama. Izinto zahamba ngokugqibeleleyo, ezenza sikwazi ukwakha indlu yethu kwidolophana yaseBlagoveshchenskaya Sloboda, apho abantu bempumelelo bahlala khona ngelo xesha. Kungekudala kwakukho umfazi omhle-uTatyana Semyonovna, owathi waba ngumfazi, wazala oonyana ababini-uNefed noLetiti.

Bamba abadala baseZemsky

Phakathi kwabanye abantu beli dolophu, uVuzma wema ngaphandle kwengqondo, amandla kunye nokuthambekela okubonakalayo kwenkokheli. Ngombulelo kule mimpawu, abahlali beendawo zokuhlala, ababenamdla kuye, bakhetha u-Kuzma umdala wakhe. Kodwa ubuchule bokwenene buye bonakaliswa ngo-1611, xa uMphathiswa weMoscow wamthuma eNizhny Novgorod, ebiza zonke iiklasi zabantu baseRussia ukuba bavukele abahlaseli basePoland.

Ukuxubusha ngale myalezo ngosuku olufanayo ilungu lebhunga elibandakanya abameli beeplani zedolophu kunye nabafundisi baye baqokelela. UZuzma Minin naye waya kulo. Ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba kufundwa kubemi baseNizhny Novgorod, wabhekisela kubo ngentetho evuthayo, ebanxusa ukuba balime ukholo kunye ne-Fatherland, kwaye ngenxa yesi sizathu esingcwele, singadabuki ubomi okanye impahla.

Iimfuno ezinzima zemfazwe

Abemi beli sixeko basabela ngokukhawuleza kwisibheno sakhe, kodwa ngenxa yoshishino elikhulu, kwakufuneka i-executive power and business executive, ngubani onokunika umkhosi izinto eziphathekayo, kunye nomlawuli onamava onokukwazi ukuthatha umyalelo. BabengumZuzma Minin kunye noPrince Dmitry Pozharsky, obenokuphindaphindiweyo wabonisa ukuba yi-voivode. Ngoku yonke imiba enxulumene nezibonelelo zabantu kunye nemali efunekayo, bajongene ngqo kuMinin.

Ukusebenzisa amandla anikezwe kuye kunye nokuxhaswa ngenkxaso yamaqela kaPozharsky, wagqiba ekubeni wonke umntu ohlala kwisixeko kufuneka abe negalelo kwi-fund jikelele inani elilinganayo kwisithathu kwisakhiwo sakhe sonke. Kwiimeko ezizodwa, le mali iyancishiswa ibe yintlanu yokulinganisa ngokupheleleyo komhlali wemizi. Ukungathandi ukufaka isandla, babenyanzeliswa kuwo onke amalungelo oluntu kwaye badluliselwa kwinqanaba lama-serfs, kwaye yonke impahla yabo yayingaphantsi kokuthathwa kwinqanaba lezempi. Leyo yimithetho enzima yamaxesha emfazwe, kwaye uKuzma Minin wayengenalo ilungelo lokubonisa ubuthathaka.

Ukuqulunqwa kwama-militia kunye nokuqhambuka kweentlanzi

Izatifikethi ezinjengezo zifunyenwe eNizhny Novgorod zithunyelwa kwezinye iidolophu ezininzi zaseRashiya. Ngokukhawuleza, amaqela amaninzi avela kwezinye iindawo azibandakanya nabemi baseNizhny Novgorod, apho abahlali baphendule ngentshiseko efanayo kwifowuni yoMphathiswa. Ngenxa yoko, ekupheleni kukaKwindla , ngo- 1612, i -militia eneqhosha elinamawaka yayibuthene kwiVolga, ekhokelwa ngu-Kuzma Minin noDmitry Pozharsky.

Isiseko sokuqulunqwa kokugqibela kwemikhosi yayingumzi werhwebo waseYaroslavl. Ngenxa yoko, ngoJulayi ngo-1612, ama-militia, kwinani labantu abangaphezu kwamawaka angamashumi amathathu, athatha ukuphambaniswa kwemikhosi kaHetman Ian Hodkiewicz, owakhawuleza ekuncedeni igoli lasePoland lavalwa eMoscow. Imfazwe eqinile yalandelwa ngo-Agasti 24 phantsi kweendonga zentloko. Ukuphakama kwamanani kwakukho kwicala labangeneleli, kodwa ukuziphatha kwabahlali bebanqabileyo. INkosana uPozharsky noZuzma Minin bawulathisa ikhondo lemfazwe kwaye bafaka isibindi kubaqaphi babo ngemizekelo yabo.

Ukuvinjelwa kweKremlin

Uloyiso luphelile. Iintshaba zabaleka, zishiya iinqweba ezityebi ezandleni zabo: iintente, amabhanki, i-timpani kunye neenqwelo ezingamakhulu amane ngokutya. Ukongezelela, amabanjwa amaninzi athathwe. I-hetman yaphonswa yabuya ephuma eMoscow, kodwa emva kweendonga zeKremlin kwakukho iipolonels zasePoland eStruce kunye noBulala, ababeza kukhishwa. Ukongezelela, iqela elithile lalimelelwe iincelisi - iinkwenkwezi, ezazibalekele kwicala labahlaseli. Ngamnye wabo wayenamaqela ayo, kunye nawo afuneka alwe naye.

Kwakudala ixesha lokutya, ii-Poles eziqhotyoshelwe kwiKremlin, kwaye zazixhalabile indlala. Ukwazi oku, uVuzma Minin noPozharsky, ukuze baphephe imibingelelo engeyomfuneko, banikezele ukuba banikezele, baqinisekise ubomi, kodwa bavunyelwa. Ngo-Oktobha 22 (ngoNovemba 1) amabutho omkhosi ahlaselwa waza wawabamba isixeko saseChina, kodwa ukunyanzeliswa kwendawo eyinqabileyo yaqhubeka. Ukususela kwi-cannibalism, i-cannibalism yaqala kwimigangatho yawo.

Ukunikezelwa kwamaPolisi kunye nokungena kwamabutho e-Kremlin

INkosana uPozharsky yanciphisa iimfuno kwaye yamema abahlaseli ukuba bashiye i-Kremlin ngezixhobo kunye nemibhobho, beshiya kuphela izinto ezixabisekileyo ezibiwe, kodwa i-Poles ayivumelani. Abaphambukeli kuphela bashiya-inkwenkwe kunye neentsapho zabo, ezazitshutshiswa ngu-Kuzma Minin, e-bridge kwibhantshi, kufuneka azikhusele kwi-Cossacks, ababenomvandalo wokufuna ukukhawuleza ukujongana nabaphangi.

Ukuqaphela ukutshabalalisa kwabo, ngo-Oktobha 26 (ngoNovemba 5), inqongqeleko yanikezelwa kwaye yaphuma eKremlin. Ikamva labo liye lavela ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Igosa elawulwa nguBudil linenhlanhla: wayekuloo ndawo yamapolisa asePozharsky, kwaye, ngokugcina igama lakhe, wagcina ephila, wathumela kamva eNizhny Novgorod. Kodwa igosa laseStrya lafika kwiRhuluneli iTrubetskoi kwaye labhujiswa ngokupheleleyo yiCosasacks yakhe.

Umhla omkhulu kwimbali yaseRashiya yayingu-Oktobha 27 (ngoNovemba 6) ngowe-1612. Emva kokuba i-moleben eyenziwa ngu-archimandrite we-Trinitarian-Sergius Monastery, uDionysius, umkhosi we-Kuzma Minin kunye nePozharsky, phantsi kweentsimbi zeentsimbi, bekungena kwi-Kremlin. Ngelishwa, kude kube lo mhla uMzalwankulu uHermogenes akazange aphile ukuze abone , ngubani owakhulisa abantu bakhe baseRashiya ukuba balwe nabahlaseli. Ngenxa yokwala ukungeniswa kwabo, iiPoles zalambile kwinqanaba elingaphantsi kwe-Monasteri yaseChudov.

Nenceba

NgoJulayi ka-1613, kwenzeka isiganeko esibalulekileyo esabonakalisa ukuqala kwemithetho emithathu yeminyaka yeNdlu yaseRomanovs: ummeleli wokuqala, uMlawuli uMikhail Fedorovich, wenyuka waya esihlalweni sobukhosi saseRashiya. Oku kwenzeka ngomhla ka-Julayi 12, kwaye umhla olandelayo nje umsunguli wendlu yobukhosi - njengesibonakaliso sokubulela izenzo zakhe zobuzwe - wanikezela uVukoma Minin isikhundla senkosikazi eDuma. Lo ngumvuzo ofanelekileyo, kuba ngaloo mihla le nqanaba yayingowesithathu kwi "udumo", okwesibini kuphela kwinkwenkwe ne-okolnichhemu. Ngoku umdali we-militia unelungelo lokuhlala kwi- Boyar Duma, i- oda yeentloko okanye ube yi-voivode.

Ukususela ngoko, iMinin yayinandipha ukuthembela okungapheli komlawuli. Ngomnyaka we-1615 uMikhail Fyodorovich kunye nomngane wakhe osondeleyo wahamba ngohambo lwesithathu ukuya kwi- Trinity-St uSergius Lavra, wanikela ukukhuselwa kwinqununu ngokuthe ngqo kuye, kuba wayesazi ukuba, ngokukhulula eMoscow kwiintshaba zangaphambili, lo mntu uya kukwazi ukukhusela kwixesha elizayo. Kwaye kamva umbusi wayedla ngokumthemba iMinin ngezabelo ezinoxanduva.

Ukufa kunye nemfihlelo ehambelana neemahla zeqhawe

UZukma Mikhailovich Minin wasweleka ngoMeyi 21, 1616, wangcwatyelwa kwinqanawa yeCawa yasePokhvalin. Ngo-1672 owokuqala uNizhny Novgorod Metropolitan Filaret wayala ukuba atshintshele umlotha wakhe kwiCathralral Transfiguration yeKremlin e-Nizhny Novgorod. Kwiminyaka yesithathu ye-XIX leminyaka, icawa echithekayo yabhujiswa ngeli xesha, kwaye ngowe-1838 kwakhiwa enye entsha ngaphandle kwayo.

Kwintolongo yakhe, umlotha weMinin kunye nezinye iinkosana zagqithiselwa. Kwiminyaka eyikhulu kamva, ngokulandela umgaqo-nkqubo wokulwa noThixo, i-Bolsheviks yachitha inqaba ethempelini, kwaye i-remains ye-Nizhny Novgorod i-militia yaya kwi-museum yendawo, ize ihanjiswe eSt. Michael i-Archangel Cathedral yaseNizhny Novgorod. Kwamukelwa ngokusemthethweni njengendawo yokungcwaba kaZuzma Minin.

Nangona kunjalo, abaphandi banokungabaza ngoku. Kukho isiphakamiso sokuba izidumbu zomntu ohluke ngokupheleleyo zigcinwa kwiCathhedral yaseSt. Michael ingelosi enkulu, kwaye iindawo ezihlala kwiqhawe elizukisekayo zisemhlabeni kwindawo apho ibandla elibhubhileyo lalikho. Kukho okwakhiwe isakhiwo solawulo lukaNizhny Novgorod kunye neSixeko saseDuma, ngoko kusenakukwazi ukuqhuba uphando kunye nokuqinisekisa okanye ukuphika le ngcamango.

U mbulelo

Emva kokufa kukaMinin, unyana wakhe u-Nefyod wahlala, owayekhonza eMoscow njengommangaleli-isikhulu esincinci kwelinye lemiyalelo kaTsar. Ukukhumbula ukufaneleka kukayise, uMikhail Fedorovich kunye nediploma ekhethekileyo eqinisekisiwe ukuba anelungelo lokufumana ilifa laseKororodsky kwisithili saseNizhny Novgorod. Kwakhona wayenayo indawo kwiKremlin e-Nizhny Novgorod.

UZuzma Minin noDmitry Pozharsky balwela iRashiya, kwaye inzala enomdla ngowe-1818 eyayisungulwe eMoscow isikhumbuzo kulaba bazalwana belizwe labo. Umbhali walo wayengumdwebi obalaseleyo we-IP Martos, kwaye wadalwa ngeminikelo yokuzithandela yabemi. Ukucetywa kwasekuqaleni ukuseka isikhumbuzo e-Nizhny Novgorod-ukuzalwa kwabantu baseMelika, kodwa kamva banquma ukuyithumela kwinqununu, njengoko i-feat yala bantu ebantwini bayo iya ngaphaya kwemida yesinye isixeko.