Ixesha xa Moscow yesicelo, kufuneka yaziwe bonke abamthandayo Russia yakhiwa. Ngenxa yokuba nje intliziyo Russia, umphefumlo enkulu lizwe inkulu ehlabathini, kodwa omnye kwizakhiwo ezininzi ezintle ehlabathini.
Le yokuhlala endala
Izinto ezembiwayo lubonise ukuba zokuhlala kwi kummandla yesicelo wayekho kwiminyaka 5000 eyadlulayo, yaye VI BC apho sele wahlala izizwe Slavic. Kumbindi eMoscow ngokwayo Amanxiwa yokuhlala yafunyanwa enxulumene namasiko Dyakovo.
Dyakovo iinqaba zikholisa ibekwe amatheku imilambo. Kumaxesha amandulo, ngenxa yezizathu lula kunye nokhuseleko kuqala okwilizwe lahlala iinduli phezu kweendonga omlambo. Kukhethwa ukuba emlonyeni, kangangokuba yokuhlala amanzi akhuselwe macala mabini. Wamanzi wakhonza ngokunxibelelana nabamelwane nokuvumela umsebenzi omkhulu, neenduli baba ayifumaneki ngenxa yotshaba kuvunyelwa ukuba balobe indawo enkulu.
Ukuzalwa eMoscow
Kwaye kwakhiwa xa Moscow yesicelo, Borovitsky induli, engqongwe macala loMlambo eMoscow Neglinnaya ophuma kuyo, yaye indawo phezu yokuhlala, ibe inqaba soyiswe. Sisihlandlo sokuqala yesicelo ibhekisela 1147. Kwakungekho iindonga wazakhela emthini. Lena iminyaka 9 kuphela kamva - ngo-1156. Intliziyo eMoscow liqala ngokunxulumene ekumenyweni uYuri Dolgoruky asanda sakhiwe horomina akhe sizana Svyatoslava Olgovicha, Novgorod-Seversky Prince. Ukufika kwisalamane elizayo (umzukulwana kunye nonyana wabo - yayingeyiyo Igor kunye Yaroslavna - abatshatileyo) ukuya ethekweni kwaye igqalwa umhla isiseko eMoscow. Oku ncam ixesha xa lwakwakhiwa yesicelo eMoscow.
umakhi enkulu
Emva kokwakhiwa ezindongeni yesicelo iba kwiilali neziko ekufutshane zolawulo. Apha, abemi bezi zokuhlala bafumana ikhusi ngexesha lokuhlasela iintshaba. Ngcembe kwandisa ukubaluleka kwale inqaba, kwaye ndawo ezandisiweyo. Ke kaloku, xa unyana Aleksandra Nevskogo, Prince UDanilo Alexandrovich (1261-1303), umseki abathetheli Moscow, esi sixeko sakhula incwadi yesicelo, saba likomkhulu lesi seLizwe encinane eMoscow.
Ngelo xesha, xa lwakwakhiwa Moscow yesicelo, uYuri Dolgoruky waseka Pereslavl-Zaleski kunye Yuriev-Polish. Le nkosana, ubomi bakhe bonke ulawulwa Rostov-Suzdal ulawulo, waza wafela apho, ebezimisele uphuhliso lwedolophu. Ukongeza kwezi zixeko waseka Dubna, Kostroma, Dmitrov, kwana ngexesha kusakhiwa le Uglich Reservoir kwilali Senyatino, yaye, ngokutsho legend mnye, Gorodets. Ukongeza, zazakhiwe iinqaba ezininzi, inqatyisiwe. Ngoko ke, sakhiwa xa yesicelo Moscow (kunyaka 1147), wabeka kunye nezinye iingongoma qhinga. Kwaye akukho nto ibonisa ukuba uza kukhula kule eyinkunzi nenqaba likarhulumente likhulu ehlabathini.
ukuphuculwa Future
Kwaye eMoscow kukwakha nokwandisa. Prince Ivan Kalyta (1283-1341) kuqala wakha belokamennye amabandla. Kwaye ngo-1340 iindonga endala eyenziwe ngomthi na indawo oki enamandla. Nomzukulwana wakhe nguDmitry Donskoy (1350-1389), unyana ka-Moscow Prince Ivan II Red, ithatha oki phezu kweendonga ilitye elimhlophe. Nantsi ke imbangi ukubiza eMoscow "ilitye elimhlophe". Kuyinto enhle kulo mfanekiso iboniswe Vasiliya Vereschagina, zibhaliwe ngo-1879, osihloko sithi "Jonga le Moscow incwadi evela Bridge Stone". Likomkhulu eRashiya, isixeko zinembali enika umdla ekubeni kubekho ukwanda umdla. Nasiphi na isixeko enkulu kweli lizwe uthando nentlonelo abemi balo. Ke eMoscow ngokuba abantu Russian kakhulu ngakumbi. Kwaye Kungokwemvelo ukuba ufune ukwazi iinkcukacha ezingakumbi malunga ukuvela kuloo mzi, apho yaqala, njani kwaye yakhiwe xa Moscow yesicelo, unyaka livela noko Prince wamisa ummangaliso.
I-reference lokuqala zoncwadi
Enye yezi nkcazelo zokuqala ngemvelaphi mzi mkhulu kweli bali "The Legend kukubulawa Daniila Suzdalskogo kunye nokuqalisa eMoscow." "Hypation Chronicle" ngowona mthombo enokuthenjwa yokuqala okhankanya kwikhampasi eMoscow - indawo isidlo esikhulu imbeko yokuhlangana abahlobo kunye babehlangene Rostov-Suzdal kunye neenkosana Novgorod-Seversky. Ngomhla umbuzo le Moscow yesicelo, kukho inani iimpendulo yakhiwa unyaka. Unga khankanya umhla oluthile, ngokunxulumene ne apho yesicelo ngaye okokuqala - imini 'isithende ukuze kudunyiswe uThixo ", oko kukuthi, ngoMgqibelo, Aprili 4, 1147. Kwaye kunokwenzeka ukuba ixesha elide ukuthetha ukwakha indlela yesicelo kangangeenkulungwane. Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuba nomfanekiso isakhiwo ngaphandle Cathedral le Dormition, okanye i-Big yesicelo Palace?
I yesicelo yakhiwa kwaye yakhiwe
Impendulo umbuzo wokuba, koko kunyaka lwakwakhiwa Moscow yesicelo, iya kuxhomekeka ngokupheleleyo oko kuthethwa eli gama - i ileviyatan mihla, yokuhlala uMongameli we-Russian Federation, okanye isakhiwo esincinane somthi, bonke yaqalisa ngayo. amaphepha Akwanelanga ukuba udwelise nje zonke iiwadi, iicawa, izakhiwo, izikwere, iigadi kunye amangcwaba ezintsonkothileyo ezinkulu kwezentlalo nezopolitiko, imbali kunye nezobugcisa eRashiya, ibandakanya ummandla ka-27.5 zee-hectares. indawo yesicelo ufana unxantathu ezitenxileyo ezinokwenzeka.
Elinye lamagugu incwadi yesicelo
amagama akhetekileyo ufanelwe lusekeleke Cathedral Moscow yesicelo. Yakhiwa 1479. Imbali kwasekuqalekeni kwendalo yayo unxulumene 1326. The Great Moscow Prince Ivan Kalita, kunye eSaint Peter wabeka kulo nyaka yecawa ilitye yokuqala eMoscow. kwafuneka ukuba ibandla iphambili Russia oyiNgcwele isixeko Pervoprestolny (oko kukuthi, ubume yaba eMoscow). Oko eSt Peter unendima ebalulekileyo kukuba eMoscow iba vekiwaka. Ngoko ke, emva kokufa Metropolitan wokuqala eMoscow wangcwatywa kwi yecawa engagqitywanga engundoqo yaseRashiya. amandla kunye uluhlu akhe icons "Virgin uPetros", yaza nekopi yayo engaphezulu esenziwa ngumpostile uPetros, yenye zonqulo eRashiya. Le ndlu yecawa sakhiwa. Oku kwenzeka ebudeni bolawulo le unifier zala mazwe Russian phantsi kolawulo Moscow, Grand Prince Ivan III. Naye kwi yesicelo lasungula ezinkulu zokwakha-isikali - zonke izakhiwo zakhiwa etyeni. Kulo mzekelo, Laphendula ke umbuzo wokuba yakhiwe ukuze kuthiwe Moscow yesicelo, unyaka eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo - 1485. Kule minyaka ilishumi (1485-1495) zakhiwa nongqameko ezizodwa, ezo okuluphawu amaqela enkulu.
elikhulu izakhiwo zehlabathi
Njengokuba sele sitshilo, le nguDmitry Donskoy kwakhona ilitye le Detinets yeplanga yokuqala (ngoko ebizwa nkqu eRashiya incwadi yesicelo). Eneneni, wakha ilitye omtsha "kremnik" kunye nonyaka sokugqitywa, 1367, kakhulu, kungathathwa umhla xa lwakwakhiwa yesicelo eMoscow. Kamva ke, ngethuba lolawulo Ivana Groznogo, owaba tsar Russian lokuqala (isihloko wathabatha Kwingcingane Cathedral), le ngokwayo oluntsonkothileyo nawo nokuphela ngokukhawuleza.
Uhombiso lwe Cathedral Square - Bell Tower "Ivan Veliky", ngaphandle apho kunzima ukuthelekelela yesicelo, njengoko kwaba njalo kwiminyaka emininzi isakhiwo ezinde e Moscow, bonke yayakhiwe ebudeni bolawulo Boris Godunov. Nangona kunjalo, le Moscow yesicelo yokuqala yakhiwa ngo-1147 ngu Yuriya Dolgorukogo ngomthetho. inxalenye ezinqatyisiweyo zesixeko wababiza "chrome", nto leyo ifanele ngaphezulu teremu ngomthi, engqongwe kocingo ngamaplanga. I omnye kuphela, edume kunye ingafikeleleki, incwadi yesicelo nguye lwalo amandla nezinto ezahlukileyo Russia.