Yintoni amandla Gibbs

inkqubo okuzenzekelayo ngendlela evulekileyo kunye nenkqubo uhlobo evaliweyo yachazwa ngokubhekiselele kwindlela ethile, eyaziwa ngokuba amandla Gibbs. Yeyona umsebenzi karhulumente. DU Gibbs, ukusebenza kunye neenkqubo thermodynamic, wakwazi ukuba ziziswe ngokusebenzisa entropy kunye enthalpy. amandla Gibbs, ingakumbi, yenza kube lula ukuqikelela icala aya iinkqubo ezizenzekelayo yebhayoloji kunye nokuvavanya ukusebenza kwabo isondlo nolufikelelekayo.

Ukuba sisebenzisa nezigqibo Gibbs ukuya yesibini umthetho thermodynamic, amagama imi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: kwi (nengngqi) noxinzelelo lobushushu rhoqo ngaphandle inkqubo impembelelo yangaphandle ukuxhasa ukuhamba makazizele kuphela kwiinkqubo ezinjalo, iziphumo apho kukunciphisa izinga amandla Gibbs kwixabiso ukuba kwenzeka xa ufikelela Qinisa yayo ubuncinane. Equilibrium nayiphi na inkqubo thermodynamic kuthetha invariability amandla yathi (ubuncinane). Ngoko ke amandla Gibbs Kungenzeka (enthalpy free) kwiinkqubo isobaric-isothermal. Makhe achaze isizathu sokuba axeliwe ubuncinane. Isibakala sokuba le yenye iinkolelo ibalulekileyo obizwa lizama: enikwa ngurhulumente kubushushu kunye noxinzelelo ukungaguquleki kuthetha ukuba utshintsho elilandelayo kuyimfuneko ukunyusa umgangatho wamandla, kwaye oku kungenzeka kuphela xa utshintsha naziphi na iimeko zangaphandle.

Incwadi nesikhundla - G. ngamanani lilingane umahluko phakathi enthalpy eyaziwa kunye nexabiso lobushushu imveliso kwi entropy. Oko amandla Gibbs lungabonakaliswa indlela kulandelayo:

G = H - (S * t),

apho S - entropy le nkqubo; t - lobushushu thermodynamic; H - enthalpy. Entropy kwenkqubo kwifomula ngasentla ibandakanyiwe ukwenzela ukuba bakuthathele ingqalelo into yokuba iqondo lobushushu eliphezulu kunciphisa inkqubo urhulumente enocwangco (disorder) kunye ephantsi - phezu koko.

Ekubeni bobabini amandla Gibbs, enthalpy, yaye - ezinye kwinkqubo imisebenzi nokushisa, ngokuguqula G okanye H ingachazwa yi inguqu khemikhali ziyenzeka. Ukuba ukukhanya akunike yokusabela lenxaki kunye Gibbs utshintsho amandla, ngoko kokwabo iklasi ka thermochemical.

Malunga mandla ukuze mazenziwe Rule Hess ukuba kwengcinezelo kunye nobushushu rhoqo, ukudalwa kwezinto ezintsha okokuqala (reagent esisiseko) kukhokelela ekubeni amandla kwinkqubo itshintshiwe, abasabela olwenzeke imbonakalo kunye nenombolo zabo ngenxa akukho isiphumo.

Ekubeni amandla ekubhekiswa kuwo kweli nqaku, i ubuninzi otshintshayo, ingcamango "amandla Gibbs umgangatho" yaqaliswa ukwenza izibalo. Eli xabiso ikhona nayiphi na ikhathalogu kwemichiza, lwamanani ilingana 298 kJ / Mol (qaphela ukuba umlinganiselo kuyafana nayiphi na izinyo energy). Eli xabiso ikuvumela ukuba ukubala utshintsho nakuwuphi na imichiza.

Ukuba ngethuba sokungamelani lwekhemikhali, isenzo wangaphandle (umsebenzi owenziwayo) Uvula kwisistim, ngoko ke Gibbs ixabiso ezamahala amandla ukunyuka. ukusabela okunjalo zidluliselwa endergonic. Ngako oko, ukuba inkqubo ngokwawo umsebenzi, ungachithi amandla, sithetha ekubonakalisweni ekzergonicheskih.

Ingcamango amandla Gibbs ifumene isicelo liphela chemistry mihla. Umzekelo, Polymer kuyondelelaniswe isekelwe ngokufakelwa basabela. Kwiinkqubo ezifana amanye amasuntswana zidibene kwenye, ixabiso entropy kunciphisa. Ngokusekelwe ifomula Gibbs, oko Kungaphikiswa ukuba nefuthe lwangaphandle (umz, lobushushu eliphezulu) unakho ukuhlawula onjalo Ukongeza reaction exothermic, nto leyo kuqinisekiswa practice.