Yintoni iiseli zemithambo-luvo? Isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi luvo

Umzimba womntu yinkqubo entsonkothileyo apho umsebenzi obandakanyekayo amaninzi amacandelo ezahlukeneyo kunye neeyunithi. Ngaphandle, umzimba isixhobo ibonakala samabanga aphantsi, yaye lisenokuba likumgangatho ophantsi. Kodwa, ukuba ukhangela nzulu kwaye zama ukukhangela Namacebo apho kukho intsebenziswano phakathi imizimba ezahlukeneyo, ngoko kuza kucaca luvo. Neuron, leyo yeyona unit main yomsebenzi isakhiwo, isebenza samaza neemvakalelo kwemichiza kunye zombane. Nangona yokufana angaphandle ezinye iiseli, lenza ezinokuntsonkotha kunye nemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu ogama inkxaso kubalulekile ukuba umsebenzi yabantu psychophysical. Kuba ukuqonda le receptor kufuneka ijongane kuyilo yayo, imigaqo kunye neenjongo zokusebenza.

Yintoni iiseli zemithambo-luvo?

A neuron i iseli olulodwa egu- kunokwamkela nokuhoywa ulwazi inkqubo yentsebenziswano namanye amacandelo zolwakhiwo kwaye kukwasetyenziswa yona luvo. Inani le zemizwa ingqondo ^Novemba 10 (ikhulu elinamanci billion). Kanjalo neuron isenokuba ngaphezulu kwe-10 leesynapse tysyach - neziphelo yovakalelo, yaye lalisetyenziswa abafowunelwa intercellular zisenzeka. Ngenxa yokuba ezi zinto oya kuthathwa njengomntu iibloko uyakwazi ukugcina ulwazi, kunokwenzeka ukuba ukugqiba ukuba ubukho ingqondo yomntu ezinezixa enkulu yolwazi. Kwakhona kuthiwa iyunithi neuron noshowo nervous system, ukubonelela umsebenzi izivamvo. Oko kukuthi, cinga le seli ifanele ibe njengento yezemfundo ezikwii ukuba isisombululo iingxaki ezahlukahlukeneyo.

cells ikakhulu zobuchopho

Ukuba sithelekisa ubume luvo kunye nezinye iiseli, sinokufumana ukufana ezininzi. Nangona kunjalo, ngokwemiqathango ukusebenza, ukuphuhlisa kunye nemigaqo yale miba ezizodwa emzimbeni womntu. Eyona iphambili luvo kukuba ngoko nangoko emva kokuzalwa iiseli zabo ayeke ukuzala. Oku kucacisa into yokuba njengoko bekhula inani receptors ukuze lincitshiswe kwiingingqi ezithile zobuchopho. Noko ke, iintlobo ezithile luvo emva zokuzalwa ngokubonakalayo ukwandisa uxhulumaniso ezitsha, nto leyo kuphucula umsebenzi wabo ezisebenzayo. Kukho iimpawu kwi sakhiwo. Isibakala sokuba umsebenzi iseli umbefu eqale swi kwiinjongo wonxibelelwano. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, isakhiwo sayo inika eziliqela iinkqubo ezikhethekileyo banoxanduva yokudlulisela nokufumana nemiqondiso.

Isakhiwo zemithambo-luvo

Isiseko umzimba yeseli, ngaphakathi nto leyo organelle kwaye undoqo isale kwiseli ezizodwa. ingqalelo ngamnye iinkqubo iiseli thaca axons kunye luvo. neuron nganye imbaxa yaye yaqulunqa cytoskeleton, apho lingena kungena kwiinkqubo. Le element inceda ukugcina imilo yeseli, yaye kunye nalo msebenzi transfer owenza organelles neurotransmitters. Ngaloo iseli nganye isakhiwo, kodwa ziyashiyana ubukhulu. Umzekelo, umzimba inokuba neuron ububanzi ukusuka microns-3 ukuya 130. Kwakhona receptors-luvo zinokwahluka inani kweenkqubo. Ezinye iisampulu, umzekelo, kufuneka luvo ezininzi, ngoxa abanye zifumaneka amasebe apheleleyo negalelo ekufumaneni ngaphezulu isixa ulwazi. Kukwasebenza kwanjalo kuyo le axons, leyo ziyahluka ngokobude.

Inkqubo zemithambo-luvo ezenza

neuron nganye iseli-eyandulela leyo unqamkile lahlule phambi baba iinkqubo exit yokuqala. Nakuba kunjalo, iimpawu zale nkqubo ukuba zingaqondwa kakuhle. Ngokutsho zophando ezininzi, le Umzobo wesi elivelayo kuqala, kulandele ukubunjwa luvo ngaye. Ekupheleni kwale nkqubo uyila kukho ukuqina, leyo kucaba phambili "yimiqolo" kwi esikule ezingqongileyo. Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba luvo ezinjalo luvo? Le yunithi noshowo kwaye esebenza amancinci, ogama value ugqibe ziinkqubo. Ngaphandle, isebe onjalo zifana amaplanga ezingcakacileyo ameva ubukhulu bumalunga 0.2 microns. Ngoko ke microspikes ubude unako ukufikelela microns-50. Amathuba phakathi kweenkqubo ezinjalo zizaliswe ndizayo elincane.

imisebenzi iiseli zemithambo-luvo

Kukho eminye imisebenzi enze iiseli zemithambo-luvo. Ngokukodwa, iiseli yovakalelo zahluke uvakalelo kwizinto ezahlukeneyo. Ezi ezenza zikhona eluswini, ulwimi, izihlunu, kunye t. D. iiseli olu hlobo ukuvumela umntu azive iintlungu, bazifake ubushushu, uxinzelelo, kwakunye ivumba nencasa. Noko ke, ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo oko luvo yaye kutheni kuyimfuneko, kufuneka kuqwalaselwe kuphela ngokubange- ezintweni. iiseli Eminye yovakalelo, kukho iiseli zemithambo-luvo iimoto, ushukumisa izihlunu zomzimba. Kukho elinye iqela obalulekileyo receptors omele unxibelelwano phakathi motor kunye neeseli nemizwa. interneurons It, ezenza inkqubo luvo.

iintlobo luvo

Ulwahlulo ephambili ibhekisa kokwahlulwa luvo qho noshowo. Ngokukodwa, izazi ziye bezaksonnye, psevdounipolyarnye, unipolar, disorder luvo multipolar. Ndimele ndithi ukuba ezinye zezi ntlobo kakuhle nangoku. Oku kusebenza bezaksonnym iiseli leyo adityaniswe umnqonqo. neembambano malunga luvo unipolar nako kusendleleni. Kukho izimvo ukuba iiseli yaye akakho emzimbeni womntu. Ukuba sithethe ngento-luvo emzimbeni ilawulwa ngabantu ephezulu, eze receptors kuvuthwa multipolar. Le zeeseli uthungelwano luvo kunye yemithambo-single. Unokuthi ukuba loo neuron odidi, aziwayo kakhulu luvo.

isiphelo

Iiseli zobuchopho i yinxenye ebalulekileyo komzimba womntu. Ngawo la receptors inikezelwa ukusebenza yonke imihla, yaye amakhulu amawaka zidlulisele kwemichiza emzimbeni womntu. Ngelo langoku nqanaba uphuhliso inzululwazi unika impendulo umbuzo malunga oko iiseli zemithambo-luvo, kodwa amagqabi kunye isithuba ezifunyaniswe elizayo. Ngokomzekelo, namhlanje kukho izimvo ezahlukeneyo ezinye bokuqonda emsebenzini, ukukhula kunye nophuhliso kolu hlobo iiseli. Kodwa nayiphi na imeko, izifundo zemithambo-luvo yenye imisebenzi ephambili Neurophysiology. Kwanele ukuba athi ukuba izinto ezintsha kule ntsimi bayakwazi ukuba asikhanyisele iindlela ezingcono yokuphatha ukuphazamiseka emininzi engqondweni. Ukongeza, ingqondo enzulu luvo imigaqo zokusebenza kuya kunceda ukuphuhlisa indlela ukuvuselela umsebenzi engqondweni nokuphucula imemori kwisizukulwana esitsha.