Yintoni iJografi?

Utyhila umbuzo wokuba yintoni eyayimi ngayo (G.), siphawula ukuba kakhulu inkqubo ebanzi inzululwazi ojongene ukufunda eneenkcukacha kumhlaba emvulophini komhlaba, kwakunye ukutyhila iipatheni zexeshana lweendawo. Ngoko ke, ukuba ufunda geosphere (umhlaba, biosphere, umoya, njalo njalo) kunye neenkqubo zejoloji (komhlaba, biogeocoenoses njl).

Iinjongo zalo nesayensi imithetho indawo kunye nokusekwa uqhagamshelana nabo phakathi amacandelo kummandla wejografi, kwakunye nendibaniselwano zawo kumanqanaba ocean kazwelonke, yengingqi, jikelele. Konke oku kwaba isnike geography mihla swi kumgca lwamacandelo oshishino. Ngenxa yoko, ihlaba geography zendalo kunye nezentlalo. Isiseko ke wokuqala landscape, izakhiwo landscape wafunda, kunye nokwakheka kwaso, ukuchonga iindlela iqokobhe ethile. Ezi ziquka loo mveliso-inzululwazi ezifana climatology, eliJongene, zamanzi kunye nabanye.

Kuqwalaselwa ukuba IJografi uluntu, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba sele ukufunda umbutho sendawo yoluntu. Ezi ziquka geography kwezoqoqosho, ezopolitiko, zenkcubeko nezentlalo.

Xa kunjalo, naziphi na ezi mveliso Ibanga injongo enye - ukufunda iindlela leeyunithi ezifunda kwamaqela asekuhlaleni, inkcazelo iinjongo zexesha elide kunye neenjongo ukudala imeko eziphilayo ekhuselekileyo apho ukuphuhlisa intlalo yoluntu.

Basics kwendawo ibekwe kwangethuba njengoko AD ngenkulungwane yokuqala. Kwaye impumelelo Renaissance kule ndawo ziye ngokutsha, waqalisa ukuba ngenkuthalo cartography. Ngenkulungwane XIX, Alexander von Humboldt kunye uKarl Ritter wazibeka iziseko zokufundisa kwizifundo mihla. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, le oluntsonkothileyo wenzululwazi ezisixhenxe, ezifana:

1.Matematicheskaya G. - izifundo geodesy kunye ngeenkwenkwezi, ngokusekelwe ulwazi olufunyenweyo ukudala emephini ku uqikelelo ezahlukeneyo.

2. Geophysics - onxulumene nesifundo yemvelo, komhlaba kunye neenkwenkwezi.

3. Physical G:. EliJongene, yokuma, climatology (meteorology) - synthesizes data kwi umehluko sezulu kumphezulu komhlaba.

4. Yintoni kwendawo eziphilayo? Le isayensi ibandakanya:

a) G. izilwanyana (enxulumene isifundo Zoology);

b) UMnu izityalo - inobudlelwane kunye Botany.

5. geography - isifundo eneenkcukacha imbali ukuvela kumazwe awahlukeneyo.

6. anthropogeography - ngokususela kwidatha evela yabantu, amanani, ezizwe, imbali, kwakunye nezinto eziphilayo G.

7. Imbali kwendawo - uhlola ulwazi ngaphantsi komhlaba, kunye iimbono ngokwezelizwe kunye magama.

Zonke ezi Sciences zihlobene. Xa siqwalasela umzekelo, siyakwazi ukubona ukuba lo msebenzi ephambili oyingcali kule intsimi isifundo enzulu yokuma, leyo lee ngaphandle nolwazi kwendawo ezinxulumene nayo ngasese G.

Ukuba sithethe yintoni eyayimi ngayo abantu namhlanje, yaye nendima idlala uluhlu layo kunye nophuhliso, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi inzululwazi uxhumane ngolwazi abazifumene kunye, ezentlalo, inkqubo zendalo olunoqoqosho, ukususela apha ingqalelo wanikezelwa kwihlabathi kwabantu kunye nolwalamano lwabo omnye komnye nakubo ngemvelo, kwakunye ukuba inkcubeko kunye indlela yobomi njalo njalo.

Ngenxa yoko, emva ingqalelo ukuba kwendawo enjalo, kufuneka kugxininisiswe ukuba isayensi umanyano omkhulu, kuzisa kunye iintlobo lwamacandelo kunye neendlela zophando ukunika uncedo xa yokujongana nemiba ebalulekileyo mihla - uphuhliso oluzinzileyo uluntu kumazwe ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi.