Yintoni iNkqubo Bologna. I Bologna INkqubo: kakuhle, ukuphunyezwa kunye nophuhliso e-Russia

Inkqubo Bologna kwi kwinkqubo yemfundo ye-Russian Federation - imbambano apho ingqalelo kufuneka beze ngenjongo imbali ukuyilwa, ukwakhiwa kunye nophuhliso lwemfundo ephakamileyo ngaphandle kurhulumente. Ngokukodwa, ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini kubangelwe izigqibo kwinkqubo yemfundo yesizwe eRashiya, ekubeni kukho utshintsho olukhulu kuwo onke amanqanaba akhiwa ngexesha lesikolo aphezulu ngeli thuba.

amanqaku zoqhagamshelwano imfundo yaseYurophu Russian

Inkqubo yoHlaziyo kwakunzima yendalo kwaye kulindeleke, ukususela kuphuculo karhulumente zopolitiko, uqoqosho kunye nezentlalo wobomi urhulumente bekumele ukuba kukhokelela ngokutsha kunye nabanye esangqeni yonxulumano noluntu. amanyathelo ezibalulekileyo kwindawo yokuqala kufuneka zenzeke ngomxholo inxalenye lwemethodoloji, hayi kuphela kwinqanaba eceleni. Ngokwendalo, tshintsho luza kwenzeka kunye negalelo Ukuphuculwa kwenkqubo yolawulo zeeyunivesiti, kwakunye utshintsho mpela nomthetho ofanelekileyo.

Kuyo ubukho kunye nophuhliso naseRussia njengohlobo amandla ohlangeneyo inkqubo mihla zemfundo yaseYurophu ongumzekelo. Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala indlela nokusebenza kwicandelo lezemfundo amazwe yeHlabathi Old kubonakaliswe kumaziko domestic emfundo ephakamileyo phakathi kwenkulungwane ye-18. Oku kuchaza wabonakala rhoqo yesithethe kwiiyunivesithi Russian, abayinqobo kwizikolo yaseYurophu. Ukufana esibonakaliswa kwisakhiwo kunye nophuhliso ezithandwayo, kwaye umxholo yomsebenzi.

indima enkulu ukuguqula kwinkqubo yemfundo wadlala inkqubo angaphandle omtsha. ikhondo lemfundo Bologna ukuba athathe kwaye iRussia iminyaka emininzi, uRhulumente ochaphazelekayo, amagunya waqonda yaseYurophu kwangaphambili neqabane ofanele ngokulinganayo.

Inguqu ukuya kwinqanaba entsha kwaye ukuvela kwenkqubo Bologna

Ngenxa Ukuwa kweUSSR kunye utshintsho karhulumente IsiRashiya ukuya kurhwebo kwezoqoqosho isenzo solawulo ukuqinisekisa ukuba imfuno basekhaya angaphandle abasebenzi abaqeqeshiweyo ngobuchule sele zisebenza kakhulu yaye ukuba aye ukusekwa kwiiyunivesithi zabucala. Kuphela kule ndlela kwinkqubo yesizwe emfundo ephakamileyo wayeza kukwazi ukuba akhuphisane nabanye kwimarike yamazwe ngamazwe kweenkonzo zemfundo zazo.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba inkqubo Bologna eRashiya Oku asiphethule phantsi inkqubo yemfundo yesizwe. Phambi kokukhutshwa indlela yemfundo kwisistim yaseYurophu wakhangela eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo. Ukuqinisekisa umgangatho wemfundo yezandla kweli lizwe evunywe yi-imigangatho yemfundo State ekuqaleni yokuqala uze isizukulwana yesibini. Ukuze kuqinisekiswe le emgangathweni lobunkokheli ilizwe ingqalelo ukudaleka isithuba eziqhelekileyo zemfundo ukulingana kunye nokufana amaxwebhu ezemfundo kunye nabo bamanye amazwe aphuhlileyo.

Ngomhla kudityaniso sokuyilwa kwenkqubo yemfundo ephakamileyo European

Bologna inkqubo yemfundo yaqala kokuhluma zayo ngaphezulu ukususela ngoMeyi 1998. Emva koko kwi-Sorbonne kokuba utyikitye isivumelwano amazwe "Ngomhla kudityaniso sokuyilwa kwenkqubo yemfundo ephakamileyo yaseYurophu." Declaration leyo kamva waqalisa ukuba siqwalasele Ukuvuma kwisivumelwano Bologna, wathabatha abalungiseleli French, i-UK, Italy ne Germany. umsebenzi wakhe ukuyila nokuphuhlisa isicwangciso elifanelekileyo uphuhliso olusebenzayo imodeli pan-yaseYurophu zemfundo. Izinto ezibalulekileyo kwesi sivumelwano lwalunjani uhlobo wovandlakanyo yokufunda, ukusetyenziswa kwenkqubo credit-yemodyuli.

Isivumelwano e Bologna

Process (Bologna wabizwa ngokuba ngenxa wokutyikitywa kwesivumelwano engqinelana nayo e Bologna) ukwenza imfundo entsha yaseYurophu lwalujoliswe imvisiswano nokuhlanganisa iinkqubo ezizodwa zemfundo sikarhulumente ngasinye kwisithuba lonke emfundo ephakamileyo. Umhla, esalinikwayo Countdown eli nyathelo libalulekileyo kwimbali wemfundo, ngokutsho Juni 19, 1999. Ngaloo mini, abameli kwisigaba zemfundo kunye nabaPhathiswa abangaphezu kwama-20 amazwe aseYurophu wavuma ukuba asayine isivumelwano, ogama emva Bologna Declaration. 29 ilungu - amazwe Bologna Inkqubo - ekhohlo ukuvula ikhontrakthi, kwaye ngoku i "Education Area ePhakamileyo yaseYurophu" angazibandakanya kunye namanye amazwe.

Ukuqaliswa kwenkqubo Bologna eRashiya

Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, inkqubo yemfundo post-Soviet Russia Lutsha KUBI zifuna ukuphuculwa. Ngethuba lenguqu ukuya geqe kwimfundo ephakamileyo akukho kuphinda ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zangoku, kuphuhliso yayo ayenziwanga ijongwa nkqu isithethi zincinane. Akunamsebenzi ukubaxhaphaza ngokupheleleyo izakhono reserve esisityebi lwangaphakathi. Ukuguqula le Sphere wanceda ukuphelisa ilizwe ngcinga totalitarianism yeSoviet yaye wazisa uluntu luya lusiba nochatha ehlabathini jikelele inkqubo yedemokhrasi.

Bologna sivumelwano sityikitywe eRashiya ngowe-2003, bavunyelwe ukuba bangene urhulumente Russian ibe isithuba esinye imfundo ephakamileyo yaseYurophu. Akumangalisi ukuba ukusungulwa lwemigangatho yaseYurophu entsimini labasebenzi lizwe yenzululwazi kunye nokufundisa yahlulwe kwiinkampu emibini. Kwakukho eyayingabachasi kunye nabaxhasi yemeko entsha, kodwa, kweli xesha, utshintsho kunye utshintshwano ahambelanayo ezenzeka namhlanje. Inkqubo Bologna imfundo lukhula ngakumbi kwi inkqubo yemfundo yesizwe.

Ngokuqhubekayo emininzi ilandelwa amalungiselelo athile nesibhengezo esityikityiweyo e Bologna, negalelo nokuqhubekeka ngokutsha kwenkqubo yemfundo Russian ukuze:

• kukuzisa ngokuhambelana nenkqubo karhulumente yaseYurophu emfundo ephakamileyo;
• ufikelelo oluphuculweyo, popularity and iiyunivesithi yentando phakathi kwabantu basekuhlaleni;
• ukwandisa ukhuphiswano izidanga kumaziko aphakamileyo emfundo of Russia kunye neqondo uqeqesho lwabo.

Utshintsho lokuqala kwinkqubo yemfundo ephakamileyo

inkqubo Bologna eRashiya iminyaka embalwa yokusebenza iye yanceda ukuba bazuze iziphumo ezibonakalayo. Sinokholo iphambili yale nkqubo:

• zone Higher Education yakhiwe ngokuhambelana nemigangatho yaseYurophu, umsebenzi engundoqo eliza ukuphuhlisa ukuhamba kwabafundi kunye nethemba engqesho;
• Oku kuqinisekisa ukhuphiswano iziko lemfundo ephakamileyo ngalinye kumzabalazo yobhaliso, inkxaso-mali karhulumente kuthelekiswa nezinye iinkqubo zemfundo;
• Iiyunivesithi afakwa nendima ebalulekileyo izinto central ophethe ilungelo lokuqonda koluntu kule khosi yophuhliso yeenqobo yenkcubeko kwabantu baseYurophu.

Ukongeza, kwiminyaka yakutshanje siye kakhulu yalomeleza yangoku nako kuthwalelwa phandle umntu ukoyisa chu isikhundla esiphezulu ubomi ngokwasengqondweni, lwenzululwazi, olwenkcubekho, yaseYurophu zentlalo nenkcubeko, apho le nkqubo senkqubo Bologna inegalelo elibonakalayo eyunivesithi nganye.

Amalungiselelo Russia ukuba amkele i Bologna Process

Okwangoku, inani States ukuba baye baba i Bologna Declaration, iyaqhubeka ngokukhula. Namhlanje, ukuphunyezwa kwenkqubo Bologna - ingxaki kumazwe phambili ubuncinane 50 eYurophu. Nangona kunjalo, kubalulekile ukunikela ingqalelo isigama owandulelayo yotshintsho yemfundo Russian. Olu xwebhu, elungiswe yi-Ofisi yoMphathiswa wezeMfundo, wamkelwa nguRhulumente Russian kunye neBhunga State. I wenza kolu xwebhu de 2010.

Le ngqiqo kwicala ebalulekileyo kwezopolitiko ngamandla kwinkalo yemfundo, nakubeni engazange ziqulathe nealam nakancinane i Bologna Declaration, okanye kwenye nayiphi na inkqubo uxwebhu. Ngelo xesha, akusayi kuba lula sithelekisa izicatshulwa lwengqiqo Izibonelelo eziqulathwe kuMthetho inkqubo Bologna, ukufumana umahluko kakhulu.

Kanye njengokuba kakhulu kwimfundo ephakamileyo kwinkqubo Bologna kwi Umfanekiso wabalaselisa ukubaluleka eqonda ukuba imfundo yinto ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso inqanaba yakutshanje zoqoqosho kunye nolwakhiwo lwentlalo. Enyanisweni, into enjalo Kuyinto bakwazi ukukhuphisana nezinye iinkqubo zemfundo amazwe.

Inkcazelo Concept

Nakuba beqaphela ubuchule kwinkqubo yemfundo Russian ukuba akhuphisane kumazwe obuphambili ngesakhiwo wemfundo, Concept uthetha imfuneko inkxaso ebanzi evela kuluntu, ngokunjalo nkqubo yentlalo-qoqosho, ukubuya kwinqanaba olufanelekileyo uxanduva urhulumente, indima yalo ebalulekileyo kwinkalo yezemfundo.

Yokuqulunqwa Umfanekiso yotshintsho yemfundo Russian ephakamileyo kuba yamalungiselelo ngenqanaba inkqubo wokujoyina imeko Russian kwinkqubo Bologna. Nangona ukuba ngoxa asinguye njongo iphambili xwebhu, waba sisiqalo ethile ukulawula eli lizwe kwindlela entsha kwinkalo yezemfundo. Phakathi ufakelo ebalulekileyo, ejongene iintloko zamasebe afanelekileyo, kufanelekile ukuba sikhankanye ukuphuhlisa umfuziselo imigangatho karhulumente federal zemfundo kunye namanqanaba emfundo "Bachelor", "Nkosi", ngokunxulumene lwaseNtshona Koloni ziba amakhono obugcisa kunye nobuchwepheshe.

Xa kuthelekiswa namazwe asayina isivumelwano Bologna ngo-1999, iRussia isikhundla ngcono ngokwabo. Ethetha amaxwebhu zenkqubo Bologna kuphela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-21, iRashiya sele ithuba lokuba athathe ingqalelo amava amazwe aseYurophu. Ukongeza, imigaqo esisiseko zokufunda, iinkqubo zentsebenziswano kunye nendlela ukubeka iliso ekuphunyezweni kwenkqubo ye elide lusekiwe kwaye sidlule nezigaba zohlolo.

Dibanisa phakathi kwamazwe badlulela Bologna kwinkqubo yemfundo of Russia zabangela imfuneko yokuba yindlela ukhuphiswano bazithembe aseYurophu, wayalela ukuba "automatism" izakhiwo zemfundo.

nguqu zintle

Ngenxa kokungena Russia ukuya isithuba zemfundo eYurophu, abafundi basekhaya bafumane iidiploma of sokuqala, iingcaphephe kunye iinkosi. Onke amazwe yenkqubo Bologna loo maxwebhu ziyavunywa isampulu olunye, engqina ekufunyanweni kwemfundo ephakamileyo, kuquka sesi zeDiploma owamkelwe liBhunga of Europe kunye UNESCO. Ngaloo izidanga kwiiyunivesithi Russian kufuneka ithuba lokuba babe ngamalungu ngokupheleleyo zeeprogram ukuhamba zemfundo.

iimpawu uphawu kwenkqubo Bologna eRashiya

Kuzo zonke izinto ezisisiseko kunye nezibonelelo, okunyusileyo kwinkqubo Russian zemfundo inkqubo Bologna, kukho ezininzi:

• ukwahlulwa zemfundo ephakamileyo zibe kumanqanaba amabini: bachelor kunye inkosi (ngokuba yesidanga nefuna kuqala ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuya phakathi kwiminyaka 4-5 yoqeqesho, ukufunda iminyaka Masters 1-2);
• ngokufakwa isakhiwo zemfundo isicwangciso somsebenzi iikhredithi ixesha, zona isethi iintetho, seminarnyh kunye nomsebenzi oluzimeleyo lomfundi (wegqitha nje inkqubo kwisifundo ngasinye, ibalwe kwinani elithile iiyure, ungaya kwi ikhosi elilandelayo yezifundo);
• Icandelo yovavanyo qualitative ezifunyenwe ngolwazi ihlabathi amacebo mgangathweni;
• ukuba gqolo ukujongana uqeqesho phantse naliphi na iziko yaseYurophu kwimeko, umzekelo, ukusuka Russia;
• egxininisa kwimiba ye kwinqanaba pan-Europe kunye nokuququzelela ukufunda kwabo.

Iinzuzo kubafundi

Oku kulandela ukuba baphumelele zeeyunivesithi Russian ziya kufumana iidiploma kwezemfundo, engqina nje kuphela abo emfundo kwilizwe labo ikhaya, kodwa uya kuxelelwa phakathi kubaqeshi kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Ngenxa yoko, abafundi angaphandle kufuneka ithuba elikhulu ukufumana umsebenzi apha. Ukongeza, abafundi abaninzi baya kunikwa ithuba lokungenela uqeqesho ukuze zesiqingatha sonyaka okanye unyaka kwiiyunivesithi phesheya ngenxa uphawu iinkqubo ukuhamba. Kwaya kunokwenzeka kwaye utshintshe i okukhethekile ezikhethiweyo ngethuba lenguqu, umzekelo, kunye isidanga kwi iziqu.

Phakathi iingenelo inkqubo zemfundo ngqo kufuneka ngokuba inkqubo zemali credits nkalo, ezizezi iya kubavumela ukuba isicelo iQhinga afumane imfundo ephakamileyo wesibini okanye olunzulu ukufunda ophambili ulwimi lwasemzini, zombini ezindongeni yedyunivesithi, kwakunye nakwamanye amazwe.

isiphelo

Ukuphuhliswa kwenkqubo Bologna ubukhulu becala igqitywa imiqathango nguqulelo jikelele echaphazela phantse kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi karhulumente Russian. Formation yemodeli ezisekiweyo inkqubo yemfundo nzima kakhulu umahluko kwiinkcubeko ezimbini ezahlukeneyo ukuze imfundo ephakamileyo isikolo: kazwelonke zaseYurophu. Mismatches ingabonwa yonke; kwi ngexesha loqeqesho, amacandelo emfundo, iindawo uqeqesho olukhethekileyo. Iiyantlukwano ekulula ukuyibona nkqu indlela inkqubo yokufunda zihlelwe.

isivumelwano Bologna, owenza utshintsho olukhawulezileyo kwinkqubo yemfundo Russian, wayethetha utshintsho sisebenzela ukufumana inkqubo yemfundo enamanqanaba amabini-ngaphezulu ukusuka-kwinqanaba elinye. Phambi kokusayina iikholeji isivumelwano wafundisa abafundi ngaphandle kokuphazamisa, iminyaka engaphezu 5. iingcali eziqinisekisiweyo nabakulungeleyo kakhulu ziqulunqwe ngokwendlela yecash lweenkqubo zemfundo kuphuhliswa. indlela yakhe oluleko kubandakanya ukukhetha iyunithi ethile abafundi umsebenzi owenziweyo nootitshala, nto leyo iyure zemfundo. Ukubala inani lomthwalo qeqesho sisiseko iinkqubo zemfundo emfundo ephakamileyo.