Yintoni inwebu? Isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi imifinya

Yintoni inwebu? Le mbono isetyenziswa kwiinkalo ezahlukahlukeneyo zobomi kunye nenzululwazi. Yaye ngamnye kubo, oko linentsingiselo eyahlukileyo. Kodwa ke, indlela enye okanye omnye, ukusetyenziswa kwale kota unxulunyaniswa intsingiselo yegama. Iguqulwe kwi "inwebu" Latin - inwebu.

utoliko ezahlukeneyo le mbono

Okwangoku, ingqiqo kobugcisa nobunjineli xa ethetha ngento obhityileyo ifilimu okanye ipleyiti ligxile kwisekethe njengoko imibhobho okanye soxinzelelo lwegazi.

Eziphilayo, inwebu ukuthini isakhiwo molecule elastic langoku kwiseli nganye nokunikezela ukhuselo kwiimpembelelo zendalo umsebenzi kokusingqongileyo. Liqinisekisa ingqibelelo iiseli kwaye wabandakanyeka kwiinkqubo pathways kunye nehlabathi ngaphandle.

Reverse kucocwa ndizayo

Esinye izinto zakutshanje i imodyuli inwebu, esetyenziswa zokuhlanjululwa amanzi. Esi sakhiwo ityhubhu kokuba ezantsi kunye neziciko. Ngaphakathi kule ityhubhu kwaye ibekwe umva nje kucocwa inwebu, ubukho leyo inika amanzi ultrapure sakhululwa ityhefu ezahlukeneyo bacteriological kunye needipozithi eziphilayo. mechanism ulwelo yokucoca isekelwe phezu ukunciphisa isithuba abafileyo, apho ibhaktiriya bangaqokelela.

Ezi modyuli ziye ngokubanzi kusetyenziswa amayeza, okanye ukuba ngqo ngakumbi, zikunikeza ukuba ihaemodialysis izixhobo ngamanzi ultrapure.

nezihlanganisi kunye namatanki ukwanda ndizayo. indawo yazo

Nezihlanganisi kunye namatanki nokwandiswa - zizixhobo ezisetyenziselwa ukuvala uxinzelelo kwemfuneko (unyuse ivolyum) ngaphakathi isixhobo ubushushu.

Yintoni na le inwebu kule meko? Le sakhi icandelo iphambili kolu hlobo yesixhobo. Ichaphazela indlela eyiyo yokusebenza nokuthembeka kwinkqubo yonke. Imilo ye-inwebu ziyahluka. Yeyona uvalo, ibhola kunye ibhaluni. Ukuba itanki enkulu umthamo, ngoko ke emva metal ilungu ukufaka sifakelwa, apho kukho umngxuma ukuba ube yintw 'umoya. Kuxhomekeka entsimini ukusetyenziswa ifowuni unyule izinto ngenxa eyimveliso ndizayo. Umzekelo, kwi itanki ukwandiswa kwenkqubo zokufudumeza isibaluli ukuxhathisa thermal kunye nomgangatho elide. Kwimeko kwamanzi abandayo xa ukhetha umbandela inwebu lukhokelwa sisiCwangciso- kwingongoma nganye luthambe olutshintshayo.

Ngelishwa, akukho impahla enakho ngokuthi jikelele. Ngoko ke, oko ukhetho olufanelekileyo yenye yeemeko ibaluleke kakhulu intsebenziswano ixesha elide ifowuni kunye nokusebenza kwayo kakuhle. Kwiimeko ezininzi, ezi ipleyiti wenziwe irabha zendalo, irabha butyl eyenziweyo okanye EPR.

Ezitshintshwayo ufezwa ukungena le accumulator inwebu okanye isitya ukwandiswa kwenkqubo. Okokuqala ukhipha ngezikhonkwane unabayibambe esisangqa kunye nezindlu. Kwezinye iiyunithi, kusekho ngumnyhadala kwindawo kwingono. Emva kubulawe yakhe inwebu kube lula. Ngokwenza isenzo umva kuyimfuneko ukuba inwebu entsha.

ingaphandle polymeric

Le mbono "Polymer inwebu" lisetyenziswa kwiimeko eziliqela. Okokuqala, oku kusetyenziswa xa ethetha ngenye kakhulu mihla phambili ngokoMthetho ukubaluleka izinto zokuxhoma uphahla. imifinya uhlobo olunjalo iveliswayo indlela isicelo extrusion ukubonelela kukungabikho imigodi kuhlanganiselo umbandela ogqityiweyo. Izinto eziluncedo ze-mveliso Polymer ekunokuthiwa ukumelana ngokupheleleyo emanzini, permeability umphunga, ubunzima ephantsi, uqinile, LINGATSHA ephantsi, ukhuseleko lokusingqongileyo.

Igama elithi "Polymer inwebu" lidla ngokusetyenziswa xa kuziwa kwabo sele ikhankanywe apha ngasentla kumacwecwe inwebu, kwakunye nezinye iintlobo imifinya ezenziwe organic neeplastikhi. Le ngemithamo kunye ultrafiltration neemveliso, inwebu asetyenziswa nanofiltration. Ubuhle bokuba inwebu polymeric kule meko ke workability eliphezulu kwaye zilawulwe ngesakhiwo neempawu umbandela. Isebenzisa oomahluko ezincinane inkqubo yokuvelisa kwemichiza nobuchwepheshe.

Iseli ndizayo. Iiseli - iyunithi zonke izinto eziphilayo

Kudala kwaziwa ukuba iyunithi ezingundoqo zolwakhiwo iseli ye esiphilayo. Oku kufanekisela ingxenye enomahluko ukuba kukho icytoplasm, nto leyo lingqongwe inwebu yeseli. Kwinkqubo yendaleko, njengoko ukwandisa imida ukusebenza, oko fumene ukuthamba kunye ebalalanisa, njengoko iinkqubo ibalulekileyo omzimba uthatha indawo iiseli.

inwebu Cell - umda iseli emele umqobo yendalo phakathi imixholo zangaphakathi kunye nemvelo yalo. Eyona nkalo iphambili uphawu le inwebu na semipermeable, ebonelela Ukufunyanwa zeselula ukufuma kunye nezondlo kunye nokususa iimveliso yokubola lulo. Cell inwebu - eli candelo engundoqo noshowo mbutho cell.

amanqaku ngembali ezinxulumene ukufunyanwa kunye isifundo weseli ndizayo

Ngowe-1925, Grendel kunye Gorder wamisa ngempumelelo umfuniselo ukuchonga i "amathunzi 'egazi abomvu. Yaba abo ngexesha amalinge, ngowokuqala ukufumana bilayer lipid. Alandela yomsebenzi wabo uDanielle Dawson, Robertson, Nicholson kwiminyaka ezahlukeneyo wasebenza ekudalweni imodeli lolwelo-Imbasa isakhiwo ndizayo. Okokugqibela kwenziwa Singsheru ngo-1972.

Imisebenzi esemqoka yeseli ndizayo

• Ukwahlukana ngokuqulethwe angaphakathi iseli ukusuka kumacandelo bume lwangaphandle.
• Ukuququzelela ulondolozo lwe rhoqo lwe ubume kwemichiza ngaphakathi kwi seli.
• Regulation esele metabolic.
• Ubudlelwane phakathi kwiiseli.
• umsebenzi alarm.
• Zikhusela.

plasma esingxotyeni

Yintoni na inwebu, ekuthiwa esingxotyeni plasma? Oku engaphandle udonga iseli, leyo yi isakhiwo yayo yi ubukhulu ifilimu 5-7 nanomillimetrov ultramicroscopic. Liquka iikhompawundi iiproteins, phospholipids, amanzi. Bhanya-bhanya, ukuba elastic kakhulu, ukufakwa elungileyo ukufuma kananjalo ubuchule bokulungisa isantya ingqibelelo yayo ekhawulezileyo.

Plasma inwebu iphawulwa isakhiwo iphela. isikhundla sayo umda ibangela inxaxheba kwinkqubo permeability ukukhetha kwi Ukuveliswa yeseli kobutyobo. Ngokusebenza kunye izakhi asebumelwaneni ngokuthembekileyo ukukhusela imixholo evela umonakalo, i inwebu ongaphandle yenye yeendima ezibalulekileyo lobume cell.

Umaleko obhityileyo, nto leyo maxa wambi lugubungela iseli inwebu izinto eziphilayo ekuthiwa glycocalyx. It iqulathe iiprothini kunye polysaccharides. A inwebu kwi plant cells ukhusela eludongeni ekhethekileyo top, nayo leyo owenza umsebenzi inkxaso nokugcina imilo. Le ibandakanya ifayibha - polysaccharide ezingenakunyibilika.

Ngaloo ndlela, sinokugqiba ukuba imisebenzi esemqoka engaphandle iseli inwebu yokubuyiselwa, ukukhuselwa kunye intsebenziswano iiseli angabamelwane.

iimpawu zezakhiwo

Yintoni inwebu? Le iqokobhe eziphathekayo, apho ububanzi 6-10 nanomillimetrov. Isiseko Isakhiwo kwayo bilayer lipid kunye neeproteni. Carbohydrate nazo zifumaneka inwebu, kodwa kuba yi-10% kuphela ubunzima inwebu kubalulekile ukuba. Kodwa ke kufuneka ukuba kufunyanwa glycolipids okanye glycoproteins.

Ukuba sithethe malunga umlinganiselo iiprothini kunye lipids, oko ziyahluka kakhulu. konke kuxhomekeke kudidi kwilaphu. Ngokomzekelo, xa myelin iqulathe malunga nama-20% protein, kwaye mitochondria - malunga ne-80%. Ukubunjwa inwebu kuchaphazela ngqo mninzi yayo. Uphakamile i protein, kungona lexinene kweqokobhe.

Iindidi nemisebenzi lipids

lipid ngamnye imvelo phospholipid, akhiwa impefumlelwano glycerol kunye sphingosine. Ehlabathini isidumbu exineneyo amalungiselelo iiproteni inwebu lipid kodwa hayi umaleko oluqhubekayo. Ezinye zazo antywiliselwa ngayo ngomaleko lipids, ngoxa abanye ungathanda qhaqha kuyo. Kwaye oku ngenxa yobukho kweendawo ukuba akubonakali amanzi.

Ezicacileyo kukuba ukubunjwa lipids e inwebu ezahlukeneyo bengengabo random, kodwa inkcazo ecacileyo le meko iye kodwa zifunyenwe. Kuyo nayiphi na iqokobhe ethile anokuqulatha ukuya kwi ezilikhulu iintlobo ezahlukeneyo iimolekyuli lipid. Cinga izinto ezinokuchaphazela ukumiselwa lipid ukwakhiwa iimolekyuli ndizayo.

• Okokuqala, umxube lipid kufuneka abanalo ukukwazi ukwenza bilayers zozinzo apho iiproteni bakwazi ukusebenza.
• Okwesibini, lipids, kufuneka kunceda uzinzise kakhulu gqitha zoqhagamshelwano inwebu phakathi imifinya okanye weeproteni ethile ayikokubambana ngendlela.
• Okwesithathu, lipids - bioregulators.
• Okwesine, ezinye lipids bangabathathi-nxaxheba abakhutheleyo abasabela biosynthesis.

iiproteni cell ndizayo

Iiproteni bakhonza imisebenzi emininzi. Abanye ukudlala indima enqanda kunye nezinye iintlobo -transportiruyut kwezinto ukusuka kokusingqongileyo ukuya yeseli vice versa.

Ubume kunye umsebenzi inwebu zicwangciswe ngendlela yokuba iiproteni apheleleyo okugcwele kuyo, ukugcina ubuhlobo. Kodwa neeproteni neuropathy lubotshelelwe inwebu akukho kakhulu ezixineneyo. umsebenzi wawo kukugcina isakhiwo iqokobhe, ukuba lamkele ukuguqula imiyalezo evela okusingqongileyo kwaye akhonze zokuthundeza ngayo ezahlukeneyo.

Kwalo inwebu bubonakaliswe umaleko ikakhulu bimolecular. Liqinisekisa ukuqhubeka njengomqobo kunye zomatshini iimpawu kwiseli. Xa inkqubo yobomi ukungathobeli structure bilayer Inokwenzeka, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kusekwe esinamadlala ngokusebenzisa pores esibamba. Emva koku, linokuluphazamisa yonke imisebenzi yeseli ndizayo.

iimpawu yeqokobhe

Iimpawu ze kwiseli inwebu ngenxa fluidity yayo, ngenxa apho ayinayo isakhiwo engqongqo. Lipids, ilungu layo, ungahambisa ngokukhululekileyo. Umntu unako ukuyiqwalasela le asymmetry yeseli ndizayo. Esi sesona sizathu sokuba umahluko protein lipid ungqameko ezaqanjwa.

Yangqineka ezichaseneyo le inwebu yeseli, oko kukuthi, kwicala sayo uba isigxina ezintle, kunye nezangaphakathi - akukho. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iqokobhe unalo ingqiqo uyakhetha. Yena imigqomo ngaphakathi, ukongeza emanzini, kuphela amaqela athile molecule ion lichithakale izinto.

Iimpawu ze isakhiwo iseli inwebu kwizityalo nezilwanyana

Le inwebu langaphandle reticulum endoplasmic iiseli zihlobene. Amaxesha amaninzi kumphezulu iqokobhe igutyungelwe kunye nezinye lunamaqoqo ezahlukeneyo nezibaya microvilli. I-plasma inwebu eziphilayo cell izilwanyana ngaphandle glycoprotein layer wawutyabeka kwaye yenza umsebenzi receptor umkhosi esandleni sakhe. Xa plant cells ngaphandle kwale iqokobhe yenye lalingqingqwa kwaye distinguishable ngokucacileyo phantsi ngemicroscope. Ifayibha apho ngayo inxaxheba lokusekwa inkxaso evela esiqwini sesityalo lemvelaphi, ezifana kweenkuni.

Xa isilwanyana iiseli kwakhona izakhiwo zangaphandle ibekwe ngaphandle ndizayo. Senza protective kakhulu. Ngokomzekelo, ngechitin, equlethwe inwebu ukutyabeka sinambuzane.

Ukongeza iseli, kukho inwebu intracellular okanye ngaphakathi. Iluthe kwiseli ivaliwe amagumbi ezizodwa ngokuba organelles. Ahlala indawo echazwe kufuneka kugcinwe.

Ngokusekelwe kule ngasentla, sinokugqiba ukuba inwebu yeseli ezineempawu ezingqina ukubaluleka kwayo ekusebenzeni yonke ephilayo, ibe sisincoko entsonkothileyo kunye nesakhiwo lwazo luxhomekeke imiba emininzi ngaphakathi nangaphandle. Umonakalo umboniso kunokukhokelela ukufa kweeseli.

Ngenxa yoko, ubume kunye nomsebenzi inwebu kuxhomekeke kwindawo inzululwazi kunye noshishino, apho le ngcamango isicelo. Nakowuphi na umzekelo, oku sakhi a iqokobhe okanye ulwahlulo eye bhetyebhetye kwaye busisigxina emiphethweni.