Yintoni na ukuthengwa? Abamele mercantilism. Mercantilism Economics

Abantu abaninzi baye baliva ilizwi "nanceba", kodwa wonke umntu uyayazi ukuba ithetha ntoni na apho kwenzeke ntoni. Kodwa ilizwi ngokusondeleyo ukuya kwenye kwiindlela ezininzi idumileyo mfundiso wabonakala kuqala kwinkulungwane XV. Ngoko ke yintoni mercantilism yaye yintoni ukubaluleka ngayo kwimbali yoluntu?

Imbali ingenzeka

Yintoni i "mercantilism" ngokwengqiqo ebanzi yeli gama? Igama elithi ngokwayo livela kwigama kwisiLatini Mercanti, nezwi bubonakala "kurhwebo". Mercantilism njengoko kuchaziwe iincwadi ezahlukeneyo yahluke kancinane, yinto ithiyori kwezoqoqosho, nto leyo ichaza ukuba lulutho surplus yohlengahlengiso lwentlawulo karhulumente bendyebo ejikeleza imali ubunzima umdla uqoqosho. Kwakhona ingqalelo imfuneko ezizenzekelayo njengendlela yokufezekisa ezi njongo. Le mbono "mercantilism" kabanzi kusetyenziswa ababhali azibhala ezahlukeneyo ukuba- ngokwenzululwazi kwimfuneko yokungenelela ngoncedo ngurhulumente na umsebenzi yezoqoqosho. Eli gama ecetywayo kuqala yi-sobulumko Scottish adumileyo kunye yezoqoqosho Adam Smith. Usebenza ngenkuthalo yagxekwa oogxa bakhe, ubiza phezu States ukuba ukuthatha inxaxheba kwimisebenzi yezoqoqosho kusetyenziswa ifom, leyo yabonakaliswa ngenkxasomali yemveliso kazwelonke kunye nokusekwa imisebenzi eliphezulu import. Adam Smith wayekholelwa ukuba mercantilists, ngubani na abezoqoqosho, iingcali, urhwebo kunye bakhusele imfuno lodwa ye-East India Company kunye nezinye iinkampani IsiNgesi-stock. mbali abaninzi ngokwesiseko awuvumelani nale mbono uAdam Smith. Bathi uphuhliso imithetho mercantilist British ngokusekelwe kwizimvo loluhlu olubanzi zabantu, mveliso kuphela kunye nabarhwebi.

Goals kunye ngcinga mercantilism

Ngokungafaniyo uAdam Smith, bokholo le mfundiso ngelithi ukuba injongo yalo mgaqo-nkqubo nje ukwanelisa iminqweno mveliso British kunye nabarhwebi; kodwa lokwehlisa intswela-ngqesho, ukwanda iminikelo kwibhajethi eli lizwe, ukulwa bamazwe, simomeleza ukhuseleko lwesizwe. Ukuze uqonde into mercantilism, kufuneka sihlolisise nemibono yayo. imigaqo yayo esisiseko:

• yimveliso yabasebenzi eliphezulu kunokuba kuphela kwezo kumashishini ezivelisa impahla kwamanye amazwe;
• Ubutyebi unako ukuveza kuphela undoqo amatye anqabileyo;
• kumazwe angaphandle kufuneka bakhuthazwe ngurhulumente;
• urhulumente kufuneka aqinisekise ukuba ububange kangaka le mveliso zasekhaya kunye noosomashishini ngoncedo zokuthintela ukhuphiswano;
• Ukukhula koluntu efunekayo ukuze ugcine imivuzo ephantsi kunye nezinga eliphezulu ukubuya.

imisebenzi mercantilist

Ngokutsho abaxhasi mbono kwezoqoqosho, it has misebenzi ilandelayo:

• ukuphuhlisa nokuphumeza iingcebiso kurhulumente, ukususela ekudalweni esikalini kakuhle kurhwebo ngaphandle ungenelelo ngoncedo kurhulumente nje akunakwenzeka;
• ukwenza umgaqo-nkqubo ezizenzekelayo, ngokumisela iirhafu amasiko aphezulu (iirhafu) kwimpahla ukuba kwamanye amazwe; ukukhuthaza uphuhliso abo kumashishini zabo iimveliso zilungiselelwe amazwe; ukuphunyezwa namabhaso yenkuthazo ukuba iimveliso kwamanye amazwe aphesheya.

Indima mercantilism kuqoqosho

Imfundiso mercantilism - yenye iimfundiso yokuqala kwezoqoqosho, esibonakala ingqibelelo yayo. ukubukeka kwawo kunye imvume kwenzeka kwixesha yongxowankulu yokuqala. Mercantilists Bendisoloko babekholelwa ukuba indima ephambili na kuqoqosho, yaye ngenxa yoko ke xa kwakudalwa ingeniso, usoloko udlala kwinqanaba ejikeleza. Ngokutsho kwabo, ubutyebi besizwe ilele kuphela imali. Kubagxeki mercantilism kucingwe ukuba ekuhambeni kwexesha-nkqubo onjalo kukhokelela self-ukutshatyalaliswa uqoqosho, njengoko imali esoloko ekhokelela amaxabiso aphezulu. Development kunokwenzeka kuphela de kube lelo xesha i window yorhwebo esebenzayo akuthethi shwaka, kodwa ngenxa naziphi miqobo nokuthengiswa kwemveliso baya kuphela ilahleko net. Le mercantilism sahlulwe ngokwamanqanaba phambi kwexesha nasemva kwexesha.

Uphuhliso imfundiso kwezoqoqosho

Mercantilism kuqoqosho, njengayo nayiphi na ingcamango, uhlala kusenzeka. Ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo imigaqo yayo ekhulisa ngokuxhomekeke kwinqanaba kwemveliso mveliso kunye nezorhwebo. . I ekuthiwa "mercantilism yokuqala," elibhekisela XV-XVI iinkulungwane, wayekwisikhundla esisiseko nzima kakhulu (iminyaka efanelekileyo):

• zothunyelo amatye anqabileyo (isilivere, negolide) evela lizwe wathembela isigwebo sokufa;
• zorhwebo impahla ayenza ngokubanzi;
• ngokuba impahla basemzini okuqingqa amaxabiso aphezulu kakhulu;
• ukunciphisa ukuvuza unikezelo imali yelizwe kwapheliswa ngaphandle kwalo ilizwe;
• iinzuzo ezisuka kwintengiso basemzini kwafuneka ukuba inkcitho yokuthenga impahla bendawo;
• Theory of balance mali yayigqalwa kakhulu, kuba lusekelwe yonke imigaqo-nkqubo ejolise ekwandiseni ubutyebi ngokusebenzisa umthetho.

mercantilism Early Marx echazwa "inkqubo emali." Abameli mercantilism kweli xesha: i eliNgesi W. Stafford, Italy De santis, G. Scaruffi.

mercantilism emva kwexesha

Ekubeni Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XVI. kude ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVII. Le ngcamango saveza bit. ukuthengwa kakhulu kuqoqosho weza evela magama akhoyo ukuya kwixesha mveliso. Wayezimisele ukunciphisa iimfuno ngamnye zabantu kunye inelasticity ebango. Uqoqosho wakhawulwa njenge umdlalo zero mali. Ngamanye amazwi, ukulahlekelwa enye ilingana Kukho mntu elinye iqela. Yintoni na mercantilism kweli xesha? ephambili amalungiselelo ayo:

• Yeyona ingcamango okuvelelayo intsalelo yorhwebo;
• ziyathathwa izithintelo engqongqo kwi kumazwe angaphandle kunye import kwempahla ngenxa yemali;
• -nkqubo yezoqoqosho karhulumente luphawulwa ngumvelisi basekhaya ezizenzekelayo;
• Yandisa siseko nokufunyanwa kwempahla cheap kwelinye ilizwe ezithengisa ngexabiso eliphezulu kwenye;
• kukhuselwe zabemi ukuthotywa okubangelwa lorhwebo olukhululekileyo.

Eyona engundoqo abameli mercantilism: i eliNgesi T. Mann (eminye imithombo - Maine), i-Italian kunye engumFrentshi A. Serra A. Montchretien.

Imfundiso intsalelo yorhwebo

Ngokutsho mercantilists kamva, intsalelo yorhwebo yabonelelwa ukuthunyelwa kwempahla evela lizwe. Umgaqo eziphambili kurhwebo: ukuthenga Akubizi kakhulu kwaye bathengise wabazisa. Imali inemisebenzi ezimbini: Ukuphathwa kunye nokugcinwa kuthetha, oko kukuthi, mercantilism emva kwexesha baqalisa ukunyanga mali lwenkunzi, eqonda ukuba imali yorhwebo.

imigaqo esisiseko:

• ulawulo yorhwebo lwangaphandle ngenjongo zokuthontelana isilivere negolide;
• inkxaso Industry ngokungenisa izinto cheap kakhulu ekrwada;
• ukusekwa lweerhafu zokuzikhusela kwi impahla evela kwamanye amazwe;
• promotion kwamanye amazwe;
• ukwanda kwabantu ukuze agcine umgangatho ophantsi umvuzo.

Ababhali-mbali bakholelwa ukuba mercantilism kade intuthuko kakhulu ixesha layo. Yena uncedisile imikhumbi, kushishino, urhwebo, iyantlukwano ngamazwe yabasebenzi.

uphuhliso mercantilism

Mercantilism ekupheleni XVII kunye nasekuqaleni kuqoqosho ngenkulungwane XIX. phantse zonke zamazwe ezininzi kuphuhliswa yaseYurophu (eNgilani, Austria, eSweden, eFransi, Prussia) ithathwa njengokuba imfundiso esemthethweni kwezoqoqosho. ENgilani uye khona phantse 2 iinkulungwane (de kwinkulungwane XIX phakathi.). Mercantilism, njengoko kucacisiwe kule xesha yaba ingqiqo ezahlukeneyo theory kwezoqoqosho - ezizenzekelayo, waza waba athandwa kakhulu eRussia. Ngokuba lixesha kuqala kusetyenziswa imigaqo kodwa uPetros I. Ebudeni bolawulo Elizabeth mercantilism eRashiya ngokubaluleka kuthandwa, yaye ke ngoko ukusebenzisa le ngcamango kwezoqoqosho kakhulu gqolo phantsi uNicholas I karhulumente. Ngeli xesha, umgaqo protectionist yayijonge ekuphuculeni balance zorhwebo lizwe, nto leyo ebe negalelo kuphuhliso lwamashisini kunye nokukhula ngokukhawuleza kwenani labemi. Ngeli xesha, intsalela phakathi kwempahla belucwangcisiwe ngenxa utshintsho amaxabiso kumazwe - nxaxheba inkqubo zoshishino.

mercantilists Russian

ERashiya, ibinzana eqaqambileyo iingcinga mercantilism yaba AL-Ordyn Nashchekin (1605-1680 gg.). Le laseburhulumenteni, eyapapashwa ngo-1667, "New Commercial Charter", oko kukuthi eligcwele siseko kunye nezimvo le ngcamango. AL-Ordyn Nashchekin wayesoloko ukuyiphumeza kwilizwe labo njengoko metal kunqabile kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Kwakhona waduma ngenxa begxeka yakhe abarhwebi kunye norhwebo zasekhaya.

Igalelo elikhulu ingcamango kwezoqoqosho wenze Isazinzulu Russian kunye nani kawonke V. N. Tatischev (1680-1750 GG.), Ngubani ngokuchasene yokuthumela ngaphandle bullion zegolide nezesilivere. Zorhwebo amatye anqabileyo wanikela free ngokupheleleyo zerhafu (imisebenzi), kwakunye yokungenisa izinto ezintsha ekufuneka ukuba uphuhliso kushishino lwasekhaya. Wacela ukuba angenise imisebenzi phezulu kwimpahla iimpahla iye yangeniswa kwi amashishini Russian.

yezoqoqosho ebalaseleyo mercantilists zakhe ixesha ingqalelo kwaye I. T. Pososhkova (1652-1726 gg.). Ngowe-1724 wabhala i "Book of yokunqaba nobutyebi", apho aveza kakhulu iingcamango yoqobo (umzekelo, ulwahlulo kobutyebi wokwenene non-real). Kungakhathaliseki ngezoqoqosho yaseYurophu I. T. Pososhkov sound inkqubo kwezoqoqosho yophuhliso Russia, kuthathelwa ingqalelo nkcukacha ze leyinene yesizwe.

IsiNgesi mercantilism

Lo mgaqo-nkqubo yezoqoqosho lwaqhutywa phantse onke amazwe aseYurophu, kodwa kwangaxeshanye - kuxhomekeke imeko zezembali kweli lizwe - wanika iziphumo ezahlukeneyo. Kweempumelelo ezinkulu theory mercantilism efunyenweyo eNgilani. Ngenxa imigaqo yalo kunye nezikhokelo meko yaba umbuso omkhulu kunayo yobukoloniyali ehlabathini. Ingcamango mercantilism UK zibonakalisa ngokupheleleyo iimfuno zalo ezinkulu bodwa.

mercantilism yesikolo

Ukuthengwa enkabeni wayo isikolo lokuqala yoqoqosho yamaphephandaba zezopolitiko, wazama ukuzithethelela isondlo-nkqubo zikhuthazwe nabarhwebi. Lubonakala wasindiswa esebenzayo kuzo zonke iinkqubo zoqoqosho. mercantilism School wafundisa ukuba kuphela ngokusebenzisa into yokuZenzekelayo esebenzayo kunokwandisa imveliso impahla kumazwe angaphandle. Kulo mzekelo, umgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente kufuneka ezijoliswe ekuxhaseni ukwandiswa eyinkunzi yorhwebo ngokukhuthaza nokudalwa kwiinkampani bodwa ozibandakanye yokuthengisa iimveliso zabo. UMbuso kufanele zonke kuthetha ukuphuhlisa navigation neenqanawa, ukuba zifake ngaphezulu amazwe. Ukuze sikwazi ukufezekisa ezi njongo kwafuneka Ukunyusa irhafu abemi '.

Indima kwisigaba ejikeleza

Abaxhasi mercantilism ingqalelo obukhulu kwinqanaba ejikeleza. Noko ke, kwaba ngenkankulu ukuba ukufunda imithetho domestic zemveliso lutsha wongxowankulu. lonke mercantilists yoqoqosho lwezopolitiko zibonwa njengento isayensi esifunda lomncono yelizwe yorhwebo. abameli Yokuqala yale theory kulinganiswa ubutyebi kunye amatye anqabileyo (igolide, nesilivere), yaye kamva - kunye nemveliso eseleyo emva esanelisa iimfuno karhulumente, leyo ingaphumelela kwi zonaniso lwangaphandle waza wajika yimali. Xa iimeko yokungabikho kwemali mercantilists ekuqaleni umsebenzi walo azezi beqokelela mali. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, imali baqala ukubona, kunye medium of exchange. mercantilists Kamva waqalisa ukunyanga imali eyinkunzi.

Imali - impahla

mercantilists Kamva bakholwa yorhwebo ngemali, kodwa Marx awaba nako azi ukuba kutheni kwaye njani imveliso iguqulelwa yimali. Ukuphikisana ithisisi yakhe usembindini "imali - na ubutyebi 'mercantilists baba lusungulo ebizwa ngokuba" nominalist "yaye kamva umbono" oluninzi "emali. Wathi yabasebenzi elinemveliso kuphela, ogama iimveliso zothunyelo bazisa urhulumente imali eninzi ngaphezu kwaba iindleko zabo. Kwinkqubo ekhawulezayo yobhekiso phambili ubungxowankulu, imeko mercantilism wayengasakwazi ukukhawulelana neemeko zoqoqosho yakutshanje. Yena indawo kuqoqosho yamaphephandaba yezopolitiko, leyo kuthiwa esivakalayo umsebenzi ezamahala yezoqoqosho. Mercantilism iye iqhubeke ngexesha xa kumazwe aphuhlileyo, ikomkhulu yorhwebo waxa mveliso. It yavela bachuma lenguqu ukuya kwimveliso woshishino yoqoqosho yamandulo lwezopolitiko.