Yintoni ngamanzi: nakuyiphi na molecule atom

Amanzi - ingxenye ephambili zonke eziphilayo emhlabeni. Kananjalo zokuhlala eziphilayo, kwaye isiqalelo iphambili kubume zabo, kwaye, ngenxa yoko, umthombo wobomi. Oku kusetyenziswa kuzo zonke iinkalo zoshishino. Ngoko ke, masithi abaphila ukunqongophala kwamanzi kunzima kakhulu.

Inxalenye amanzi

Bonke abantu bazi kakuhle ukuba amanzi ubunjwe hydrogen neoksijini. It ngokwenene. Kodwa Ukongeza kwezi zinto zimbini, amanzi kumafa yayo kusekho inventri enkulu inamacandelo imichiza.

Yintoni na amanzi?

Yena baguqulwe uphawu, xa edlula umjikelo wamanzi: komphunga, amafu kunye imvula ukwenza ehlele. Nangaluphina ke la manzi iza adibane kunye nobuninzi iikhompawundi yendalo ephilayo, isinyithi, iigesi, apho ulwelo esongezelelwe izinto ezahlukahlukeneyo.

Iziqalelo ezakha amanzi, izigaba 6:

1. Ion. Ezi ziquka: ukuse- Na, K, MG, Ca, anions: Cl, HCO _3, kwaye SO _4. Ezi zixhobo ngamanzi emikhulu, xa kuthelekiswa namanye amanani. Ulwelo zivela kweemaleko zomhlaba, izimbiwa zendalo, amatye, kwakunye imiba iimveliso kuwohloka imisebenzi yamashishini.
2. igesi zichithakala: ioksijini, initrogen, emanzini, icarbon dioxide kunye nabanye. Isixa gas nganye emanzini ixhomekeke kwithempritsha yayo.
3. Nutrients. Chief phakathi kwazo phosphorus ne-nitrogen kungena ulwelo imvula, yaye amanzi ezolimo.
4. Landzelela izinto. Kukho malunga nama-30 iintlobo. Izalathisi yamanzi ekwakhiweni lincinane kakhulu kwaye isusela ukusuka 0.1 ukuya ku-1 microgram ilitha nganye. Ezi ziquka: bromine, selenium, nobhedu, nezinki, etc ...
5. izinto eziphilayo unyityilikiswa emanzini, kunye nezinto nitrogen-equlethe. Oku alkoholi, iikhabhohayidrethi, aldehydes, phenols, peptides kunye nabanye.
6. Ityhefu. Oku ikakhulu enzima kunye iimveliso zepetroliyam.

Le molecule yamanzi

Ngoko ke, yintoni iimolekyuli amanzi?

Amanzi ifomula engenamsebenzi - H ₂ O. Yaye isibonisa ukuba molecule amanzi equlathe hydrogen neoksijini atom. Phakathi kwabo waseka ubudlelwane izinzile.

molecule Mass ngu 18,016 g / Mol, apho iperoksayidi ubalelwa 11,19%, kunye ioksijini - 88,81%.

Kwemolekyuli yamanzi polar kuba akukho iziko ethile malunga apho bakwezolimo izityholo ezilungileyo nezingalunganga, kwaye nezibonda ezimbini oppositely ityala.

Amanzi ubunjwe athom, i-engile ephakathi apho kuyahlukana nedlela kurhulumente isambuku kulwelo. Ngoko, xa sikwimo kwegesi, i-engile ephakathi hydrogen kunye oxygen ^malunga 104, kwi imeko isiqina - ^malunga 109. Kwezi manani, kwakunye umgama phakathi kweenxalenye ababekhona nefuthe atom.

isakhiwo molecule

Ngaphambili, oko kuxhomekeka, apho atom amanzi. Ingaba hydrogen , neoksijini. indima ephezulu uthwala oksijini. Around le ngxenye iye kakubi wamwisela electron kunye protons ngokuqinisekileyo wamwisela bebekelwa kufutshane atom hydrogen. Olu lulwahlulo ezo molekyuli zezibonda kuchaphazela uhlobo iqhina lwalusanda - kuba ezibandayo.

Ekubeni athom ezimbini hydrogen na intlawulo enye, ukuze, ngokufanelekileyo, zihamba kude omnye komnye. Oku kuchaphazela angela phakathi ioksijini yehayidrojini atom, oko ^kumalunga 104,5. Ngenxa nezibonda isichasi molecule yamanzi ekuthiwa dipole. Lo mhlaba umisela iimpawu zayo engaqhelekanga kwemolekyuli.

Njengoko molecule yamanzi ufana emajukujukwini? Ukuze ubone imilo molecule, eziqhagamshelene imigca ethe ngqo athom amaziko, apho inani ngokomthamo ngodlame - tetrahedron. Injalo isakhiwo amanzi.

Imilo kwemolekyuli yamanzi uyakwazi iyahluka ngokuxhomekeke kwimeko yayo udibaniso. Elungiselelwe amacandelo karhulumente sukube luphawulwa engile phakathi ioksijini yehayidrojini atom ukuba ^malunga 104,27 ukuya karhulumente isiqina - ^malunga 109,5 ukuya lulwelo - ^malunga 105,03.

Ezo molekyuli ukuba eziquka amanzi, babe umthamo othile kwisithuba, kunye Amaqokobhe zabo lwazigubungela yi electron ilifu ngokohlobo izigqubuthelo. Uhlobo iimolekyuli zamanzi, kuqwalaselwa kwi-moya nezithelekiswa chromosome X-ezimilise, nosebenza sokudluliselwa ulwazi yemfuza, kwaye, ngenxa yoko, simenza ubomi obutsha. Ukusuka ezinjalo zofuzo eyenziweyo isifaniso yamanzi kunye njengomthombo wobomi.

Kwisithuba zinemoletyhule kukhangeleka ngathi bayawarhawula unxantathu, a tetrahedron. Le milo uqinile kakhulu kwaye iyahluka kuphela ngenxa yempembelelo wamanzi iimeko zangaphandle emzimbeni.

Yintoni na amanzi? Kwezi atom, leyo ziphenjelelwa Van der yimikhosi Waals, amaqhina hydrogen obrazovyvaniyu. Kule uqhagamshelwano phakathi ioksijini yehayidrojini molecule akhiwa abahlobo abakufuphi random namacandelo. Lokuqala - isakhiwo njengongekho, okwesibini - ode nabo.

Xa imeko eqhelekileyo yamaqabane yamanzi mali yi-60%, amaqela - 40%.

Phakathi iimolekyuli zamanzi osecaleni inokuba ukuyilwa iibhulorho hydrogen, isandla ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo ezahlukahlukeneyo - izihloko.

Izihloko bayakwazi ukunxibelelana nabanye ngeentambo hydrogen, ezinokukhokelela ekuchithekeni izakhiwo lolungiso - iihexagons.

Isakhiwo yekhompyutha molecule yamanzi

Atom - oku oko emanzini, yaye zonke atom na isakhiwo yayo elektroniki. Ngenxa yoko, amazinga electronic formula graphic ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: ₈ O ² 1 2 2p ^{2 4} ₁ ¹ H 1.

Xa inkqubo yokutshata iimolekyuli zamanzi kwenzeka amafu electron sifana kakhulu, ezimbini ioksijini unpaired electron ukudibana omnye unpaired electron hydrogen. Ngenxa yoko, i-engile ukudibana amiliswe phakathi atom ^malunga 104.

isimo Physical amanzi

Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, ezo molekyuli amanzi - a dipole, yaye le nto ichaphazela okungaqhelekanga iimpawu mba. Enye ipropati elolo hlobo kukuba amanzi ekhona ngokwendalo kumazwe amathathu: ulwelo, okuqinileyo kunye nomphunga.

Inguqu ukusuka kwimo enye ukuya kwenye ngenxa ezi nkqubo zilandelayo:

1. Bilisa - ukusuka kulwelo ukuya kumphunga.
2. Ulweliso - enkungwini yabo kulwelo (imvula).
3. Crystallization - xa ulwelo uguqulwe ngumkhenkce.
4. Yokunyibilika - inkqubo yokunyibilika ice kunye nokufumana ulwelo.
5. Sublimation - uguqulo qhwa umphunga.
6. Desublimation - ngovukelo sublimation, oko kukuthi, lo mphunga utshintsho ku ngumkhenkce.

Ukususela imeko amanzi kuxhomekeke isakhiwo emkhusaneni yayo eziphilayo.

isiphelo

Ngenxa yoko, nathi sithi amanzi - into elukhuni kunye nesakhiwo esilula, leyo kunokwahluka ngokuxhomekeka kwimeko yayo. Kwaye kwacaca mhlophe, yintoni na iimolekyuli zamanzi.