Yintoni noluntu eRashiya yamandulo?

Ababhali-mbali abathi bafunde oko uluntu eRashiya yamandulo, ayikhuphi iintlobo ezimbini kwamaqela asekuhlaleni - ezidolophini nasemaphandleni. Babephila uninzi yabemi East Slavic karhulumente.

uluntu lwasemaphandleni

Bendawo e Rus yaMandulo Sizibandakanye ekulobeni izilwanyana kunye neentlanzi kwaye, kakade, ukulinywa komhlaba. Abantu abahlala inemizana ezikude kunye needolophana akumanyileyo ukuze kube lula ukuba akhule isivuno osisityebi, yaye ukuba ahlawule irhafu kwiinkosana. Yintoni na uluntu, xa sisebenzisa isigama ixesha? Le intambo. Musa ukubhidanisa le mbono kunye nendawo apho iinqanawa yokwakha. Verwey wafumana igama ngenxa ngeentsontelo ngayo ikhetha ilizwe.

Nantsi ke impendulo umbuzo wokuba yintoni luluntu. Enye ngentambo kungabandakanya kwiilali eziliqela. Umgama avareji phakathi koluntu malunga 30 neekhilomitha.

Ukusetyenziswa komhlaba iyonke sele iqhelekile onke amazwe aphakathi apho kwakukho eninzi mhlaba, kodwa urhulumente kwezolimo wahlala kwinqanaba ezilula (izixhobo ezilula njalo njalo. D.) Kwangaxeshanye, inkqubo abahlali lula ukuba amandla yenene. abaqokeleli berhafu (berhafu, Tiunov) kwaba lula kakhulu ukuba banxibelelane iqela elikhulu amafama ngaphezu iintsapho ezininzi ngabanye.

iimpawu ezikhethekileyo

Inkalo ebalulekileyo uluntu Slavic ukuba yelo okanye loo ntsimi. Eli siko ibonisa ngokucacileyo ngokubaluleka emaphandleni, hayi hlobo (njengoko kwakunjalo kwezinye iintlanga ngelo xesha). Ukuze uqonde ukuba yintoni uluntu na, khangela nje amagama nemibutho yezizwe baseMpuma nokuxubana. Glade got igama labo yokuba siphila emasimini, drevlyans ahlala ngamahlathi, iintshinyela imithi, njalo-njalo. D.

Bonke ababhali-mbali abaye bafunda ntoni kubahlali kumaXesha Aphakathi, wagxininisa ukubaluleka umgaqo indawo, efana kwimigaqo esamkelwa kwiNdibano ubuhlobo yezizwe.

Ukulingana kwamalungu Verviers

uhlobo kubaluleke yesibini akavumelekanga ukuba phambili iziduko phambili usapho ezahlukeneyo. Nditsho ukutyebiseka ngokuthe ngcembe yoluntu nokuvelisa okwandayo ngaphakathi kwabo musa kungakhokelela ukungalingani okukhulu. Izibonelelo zisasazwa kalukhuni, ndoxelelwa ngubani ngokulinganayo kuwo onke amalungu Verviers.

Le ndlela yokuphila yagcinwa phakathi kwabona kangangeenkulungwane. Kungenxa yoko abantu Russian sisoloko ukrokrela kwaye bangenakucikideka ke grabbers anyolukele apho ubutyebi kubaluleke. Ubunye nokumodareyithwa ekhaya - oko kukuthi uluntu.

Zilinganiso kuluntu

Ubudlelwane echazwe-ngentla elalini kahle kakhulu. abazange bavunyelwe ukuba babe "nkulu" emaphandleni, apho afunyenwe ngamnye ngokwakhe. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, imozulu kakubi uninzi lwamalungu Rus kwanyanzeleka ecaleni-by-kwicala live Verweij kwaye ukuthatha unonophelo kwenye nenye xa kuthe kwesivuno.

Ubomi umlimi wayexhomekeke ngokupheleleyo indlela wahlakulela iimveliso zezolimo. Ukuba imfazwe abandayo ngaphambi kwexesha okanye sichithwe iziphumo yomsebenzi wakhe, intambo weza uncedo lwabasebenzi ezinjalo abachaphazelekayo. Thelekisa: eYurophu ubudlelwane zolimo ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo, ephakathi eNgilani kukho bekusoloko iklasi abalimi abangamahlwempu - yayingamahlwempu.

Umzabalazo ne izinduna

De kwinkulungwane XIV, abalimi akazange anikezele neenkosi umanyano ukufumana onke amazwe yezolimo kweli lizwe. Olu phawu ebalulekileyo yeqela loluntu phambi kwethu kwakhona kubonisa ukuba uluntu kwimbali of the Ages Aphakathi, yaye yintoni na intsingiselo yalo. Ngoxa eRussia igcinwe umyalelo omdala, capitalism yaseYurophu iye yonakaliswa iifama abaninzi.

amafama aseNtshona ubengenako ukulakhela uluntu olomeleleyo eyayiza kukhusela iimfuno zabo, ngenxa kwayo unxulumano zezizwe elalini. Konke oku kwakhokelela ekubeni isibakala ukuba izinduna atyebileyo ngcembe uzifake zonke amahlwempu. In Rus yamandulo 'nto ayizange yenzeke ngenxa ukubumbana Verwey. Nkqu maxesha anzima urhulumente akazange agcine inkululeko amafama. Kwityala kakhulu evenkileni ukwanda kokuba kutsalwe irhafu ezibe kwiziko (umzekelo, e Kiev okanye Vladimir). Kodwa e Yurophu ngeli xesha sele msebenzi enyanzelekileyo jikelele kwi iinkosi Manor zaye zasasazwa. Ngoko ke izityebi bexhaphaza abasebenzi simahla abalimi, kuqina ngokwandisa umahluko phakathi izityebi namahlwempu.

izikhulu inkxaso

Phakathi kwezinye izinto, uluntu yamahlwempu eRashiya, nayo waluthethelela amandla yenene. Abalawuli of izilawuli ezisasaziweyo lomhlaba ingumbuso kwakhe emkhosini, ngelixa eYurophu uthenge amaphecana elikhulu zizigwili etyebileyo Zizi. Amandla yakomkhulu buthathaka, kwaye akukho nako ukumelana le nqubo yemvelo. ERashiya, nabaphathi, engafuni ukuba buthathaka isikhundla sayo, akhonze anikwe (i izinduna) umhlaba elilinganiselweyo.

Rurik naye akazange avumele abantu bakhe ukuba bayobamba umlimi uluntu, ngexesha ilondoloza ukulingana apha elalini, kwakuxhomekeke kuyo ukutya urhulumente yonke. Norms kobudlelwane phakathi lali kunye nezidwangube ezo zikokosiweyo kumGaqo-"Inyaniso Russian" - iseti Slavonic Laws wadlula ngaphantsi Yaroslav Izazi. Olu xwebhu wathetha ungowona mthetho wongameleyo Wamakhosi prince kugwetywa Ndilicukuceze enisenzileyo eluntwini.

Lyudin and smerdy

Ubukho engumzekelo abalimi simahla yaye unfree - le yenye into enokusinceda ukuze ubone ukuba uluntu eRashiya yamandulo. Lo mahluko phakathi belali bade exabileyo lwimi. Free abalimi wabiza Lyudin kunye namaqabane - abaxhomekeke. Le yokugqibela enyanisweni yipropathi prince - babesebenza kumhlaba kunye nabasebenzi nkonzo bakhe bamsa kwityala lakhe.

"Inyaniso Russian" kuqinisekisa ngokusemthethweni kungalingani lwamalungu asekuhlaleni (ngokubulala kubo isohlwayo-40 hryvnia) kunye ngamakhoboka (isohlwayo ukulahleka ubomi 5 Euro). amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho nazo wohlwaywe yinkundla njengenkosana. Ngoko ke, makhe ngoku, kuthathelwe ingqalelo le nto, zama ukuqulunqa oko uluntu eRashiya yamandulo. Ingcaciso ngokuyimfuneko kubonisa abalimi ezamahala, ngamakhoboka baphila ngcono kakhulu, ngubani na ngaphandle ekuhlaleni.

umphakathi City

Aphakathi isixeko Russian - yenye ongqongileyo kwezentlalo, ngaphandle isifundo apho kunzima ukuchaza into eluntwini. Ngokutsho imbali yale sihloko e kwibanga-6. Abantwana kufuneka bazi ukuba kukho zokuhlala ezinkulu kwi amazwe aseMpuma nokuxubana ngenkulungwane IX. Ayehlukile kwiilali eziqhelekileyo iinqaba zokukhusela eziyimfuneko ukuze banqande imikhosi utshaba yaye ephila. Amandla ezi zixeko batwabulule phezu kwindawo ezingqongileyo. Baye ngokuba "umhlaba" okanye "ilokishi".

Ekuqaleni sokumiswa Slavic zoluntu ezidolophini ngokuyimfuneko kulawulwa yi Imbumba - kwiNdibano yaBantu. Ilungelo lokuvota wonke undwendwe sehlo. Ngoko ayimangalisi into yokuba Rus Ancient kwaye ngoku kwilizwe lwentando yesininzi, apho isigqibo abantu bema ngaphezu ukuthanda amanene. Ingakumbi langutana yaba umgaqo Veliky Novgorod, apho Chamber waye iziko lobomi yezopolitiko de 1478, xa ilizwe lonke iye yafakwa impangele.

Kodwa ke amabandla ezithandwayo waba kuneengxaki zako. Ukungafani kweemfuno kunye nokunqongophala inkqubo ecacileyo kuvotwe ngokubala kwakhokelela ukuvela iingxabano ezibukhali kunye neziphithiphithi zasezidolophini. ezi meko kukukhokelela nentshabalalo. Ngoko ke, phambi kwenene, ngubani asebenze nomabi phakathi kwamaqela ephikisayo, njengoko kubalulekile ukuba abantu yoxolo. Enye indlela okanye omnye, kwimeko nganye, isigqibo eso sathathwa ngenxa ukufikelela isivumelwano phakathi kwamalungu eziphikisayo zoluntu ezidolophini.

Ukubaluleka seSigqeba

amandla Sole amanene kubalulekile ngokukodwa umzi, xa kufika amaphulo emkhosini. Xa kuziwa ekulawuleni Ratiu, akungekhe kubekho imibono - bekuya kutshabalalisa umkhosi. Ngoko ke, kule nkalo, kwinkulu waba igunya apha ibaluleke kakhulu ekulondolozeni ubungcwele ngamandla.

Xa bengatshatanga Old Russian lohlulwa izilawuli eziliqela, iinkosana ezincinane waqala ezifumana ubunzima ubudlelwane zombini umkhosi kunye noluntu nasezidolophini. Umzekelo i Novgorod enye, apho ngo-1136 ndagxothwa Vsevolod. Veche zamtyhola wobu- wabaleka ukusuka edabini ngexesha imfazwe nxamnye Yuriya Dolgorukogo. Impixano yakhokelela ekubeni amandla inkosana kwesi sixeko ngokupheleleyo phantsi kolawulo abasebukhosini kwiNdibano yaBantu.

Aplikheyishini yokwenziwa efanayo wezepolitiki oselumelwaneni Pskov. Akukho abathetheli akazange ilifa isihloko ukusuka kuyise unyana, kunye nabantu anyuliweyo. Ngoko Pskov ngenkulungwane XIII ngamandla wazibonakalisa Dovmont - abemi Lithuanian-wazalwa nabathe bawongwa ngenxa nesibindi nokunyaniseka.