Yintoni sisiseko ucando ngokwasemzimbeni-geographical. ucando Geographical: injongo, iindlela kunye nemigaqo

Umphezulu yeplanethi yethu owahlukeneyo kakhulu. Territories kwahluka enye kwenye isiqabu, isakhiwo zejoloji, umlinganiswa kwezityalo kunye nokhuseleko lomhlaba. Ubunokwazi ukufezekisa "isiphithiphithi" zendalo, izazinzulu ziye kufika kunye zocando. Zokuma steel ngokuqhelekileyo yahlula phezu komhlaba ebhantini, band, ummandla kunye lizwe.

Yintoni sisiseko ngeendawo emzimbeni-geographical? Ziziphi iinjongo zalo eziphambili? Ngokusekelwe imigaqo yaye yintoni iindlela kuliwa? Iimpendulo zale mibuzo inokufumaneka kwinqaku lethu.

Zocando lwemida ye physical-geographical: inkcazo nangomoya

ucando Geographical (olufinyeziweyo - GRF) - lichazwa phantsi kwenkqubo division. It ikuvumela ukuba ndikhankanye iindawo weqweqwe eendawo, ezahluke ukufana ethile. Phantsi kwale Ukufana ikakhulu kwakuthetha isakhiwo efanayo zejoloji mmandla, isimo, imozulu, umhlaba, izityalo kunye nezilwanyana.

Ngaphezu koko, a ucando onjalo ikuvumela ukuba ukuzoba imida ecacileyo phakathi kwezi ndawo emvulophini eendawo.

ucando Physiographic benza izazinzulu ezininzi, zejografi kunye nabahloli. Phakathi kwabo: A. Radishchev, HA Chebotarev, AI Voeikov, LS Berg, VP Bake-Tyan-shan, FN Mielke, NA Ilanga kunye nezinye. Ngelo langoku inqanaba lophuhliso kwezikim zocando lwemida ezahlukeneyo usebenzisa specialists Moscow State University. Lomonosov.

Imbali emfutshane kuphuhliso ngeendawo ngokwasemzimbeni kunye neendawo

Amalinge kwiindawo ucando yokuqala asusela ngenkulungwane XVIII. Noko ke, ngaphandle isiseko sobunzululwazi yaye kwenziwa nguye nawuphi na phawu mnye. Ezi mpawu ngokufuthi aba nto ezicacileyo: imida yezopolitiko, okanye zomhlaba.

Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XIX aqalile ukukhula Sciences ngokukhawuleza othile wendawo (climatology, inzululwazi komhlaba, kunye nabanye.). Ngokuphathelele oku enomfutho nophuhliso iziphaluka eyodwa lwemida yendalo. Emva kwethutyana kwindawo lokuzimela ukwahlula ngeendawo kwezoqoqosho.

Kukholelwa ukuba isiseko theoretical component ngeendawo ngokwasemzimbeni-geographical ezendeleyo imisebenzi sisazinzulu Russian omkhulu Vasily Dokuchaev ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX. Kamva ingcamango uthathwe luphuhliso kwayo LS Berg GI Tanfiliev. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane lokugqibela ngeendawo ebonakalayo-geographical waqalisa ukuthetha nzulu kunye zejografi amazwe (umzekelo, eMelika, British kunye nesiJamani zesayensi).

Kulo mba lenzululwazi eSoviet baqalisa ukuhlawula nzulu ingqalelo emva kwi-20. Kwaye kakade ngo-1940 yayiyilwe iinguqulelo zokuqala ucando emzimbeni-geographical USSR.

Njengoko sibona, kulo mba umsebenzi iingqondo ezininzi Russia kunye namanye amazwe. Yintoni sisiseko ngeendawo emzimbeni-geographical? Makhe ukuzama ukuphendula lo mbuzo.

Yintoni sisiseko ngeendawo emzimbeni-geographical?

GRF - yinkqubo nje kuphela yokwahlula kwintsimi (okanye amanzi) kule mimandla, kodwa isifundo sabo oluneenkcukacha, equka ukulungiswa iimpawu candelo-elumkileyo entsonkothileyo eneenkcukacha. Kodwa yintoni na sisiseko ngeendawo emzimbeni-geographical? Impendulo yalo mbuzo kakhulu ezicacileyo kwaye ilula.

Isiseko emzimbeni ngeendawo na inhomogeneity ngala macandelo ngamnye iqokobhe ethile. Kwabo macandelo kufuneka zibandakanywe:

• isakhiwo neznye;
• ndiphefumle;
• features zezulu;
• cover umhlaba;
• uhlaza;
• kunye nezilwanyana.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba uninzi zejografi mihla ukuphika yokwenene kwiindawo ezithile zendalo. Nakuba kunjalo, imida phakathi kwazo azisoloko sicacileyo. Phakathi bakholisa zikhona iindawo ezikufutshane emzimbeni neendawo imimandla ethile inguqu apho iimpawu ebona zombini iingingqi ezikufuphi (umzekelo, ehlathini endaweni ethile utshintsho phakathi ehlathini classic emathafeni).

Eyona eziphambili iinjongo kunye nemigaqo GRF

Olu hlobo socando iphila ezahlukeneyo iinjongo, ezifana uphando ecocekileyo kunye nophando isicelo. Kodwa injongo ephambili ucando ebonakalayo-geographical unobuchule kunye nobungqina-based umahluko lwendawo emvulophini geographical yomhlaba.

Fruits GRF ngenkuthalo ezisetyenziswa amashishini kunye iinkalo zezinto ezenziwa luluntu, ezolimo, amahlathi, ucwangciso lwasezidolophini, geography zonyango, ukhuselo indalo, kunye nabanye.

Inkqubo zokwabiwa kwiindawo ezithile kwintsimi elinikiweyo kwenzeka ngenxa imigaqo ethile kwaye ngokusekelwe regularities ezithile. Ingaba ezi zilandelayo (esisiseko) imigaqo ngeendawo ngokwasemzimbeni-geographical:

• Ukwenza;
• kwaleyo ndawo;
• zocando lwemida kunye azonal;
• yokufana izakhi ezintsonkothileyo;
• ekuthelekisweni kweziphumo zocando.

Mhlawumbi eyona nto ibalulekileyo kwezi umgaqo esemagqabini. Sithetha ubukho kwinjongo izakhiwo zendalo ezinjalo. Uyavumelana naye kwaye uyavuma ukuba phantse zonke zejografi landshaftovedy (ngaphandle DL Armand). Akukho kangako kwi lwemida kunye umgaqo integrity. Ihlala isibakala sokuba iiyunithi kule zokucandwa ayibandakanyi ezahlukeneyo kwaye ngokunjalo Bahlukana sendawo.

types of GRF

ucando Geographical inokuba nomahluko. Ukuba ijolise ukubalaselisa kwiindawo kwenye kuphela imiqondiso (components landscape), kuya kuqwalaselwa njengoko zabucala (okanye industry). Umzekelo, kusenokuba umhlaba okanye ucando zemozulu ummandla.

Ukuba injongo kukusebenzisa GRF ngokupheleleyo ahlaziye yonke terrain (kwemozulu, isimo, umhlaba, njl) amacandelo, ngoko ke iya kubizwa ngokuba comprehensive (okanye landscape).

Ukongeza, ucando yendalo ingaba:

• samiselwa;
• azonal.

Ngokusekelwe oluhlobo, ukuchonga iiyunithi taxonomic GRF ezahlukeneyo.

Iindlela ngeendawo ebonakalayo

Ubukhulu becala, kukho iindlela ezimbini ezisisiseko ukuya GRF: ke ngeendawo le "top" lwemida kanye "ngezantsi". Zombini ezi ndlela ezisetyenziswa kakhulu landscape kunye ezihlobeneyo nezinye ngokugqibeleleyo.

"Ngezantsi" ucando yendalo kwenzeka ngolu hlobo lulandelayo. Esebenzisa kudityaniswe ezincinane kwizakhiwo zendalo zabelwa izakhiwo ezinkulu ezintsonkothileyo indawo. Lisebenzisa elikhulu-scale iimephu landscape. Xa zocando "phezulu" konke kwenzeka ngolunye uhlobo. Ekuqaleni zabelwe imimandla ezinkulu zendalo, kwaye ke ngoko, ngokuhlalutya ezininzi kuThixo iimephu izifundo, bona "bahlukana" ibe kwizakhiwo ezincinane zendalo.

Ukwahlulwa ngeendawo emzimbeni kwaye okuyo isicelo kunye nenani iindlela zenzululwazi yamandulo kunye nobuchule. Phakathi kwabo:

• cartography;
• aerospace;
• geochemistry;
• paleogeographical;
• izibalo;
• iindlela Ukulinganisa computer.

units Taxonomic GRF

ucando samiselwa yendalo lalatha iiyunithi taxonomic zilandelayo:

• zone eendawo;
• ndawo;
• subzones.

Xa zocando lwemida azonal wagqiba ukuba anikezele:

• geography eziphathekayo zeli lizwe;
• ndawo;
• kwiphondo;
• iindawo;
• nawakhe;
• podurochischa;
• facies.

Iiyunithi bubekwelona nqanaba liphezulu lezinto kwentlobo indawo zezi: geographical inshorensi kunye amazwekazi. Kodwa iiyunithi ezininzi ezisisiseko GRF ingqalelo facies kunye phecana.

Facies zeyunithi abekelwe ka GRF

Nciphisa (oko kukuthi, cebetshu ayahlukahlukenanga) unit elinegunya lweenkqubo ngokwezelizwe ingqalelo facies. Yintoni na?

Ngamnye kufuneka Sibonile entsimini ebomini walima, okanye uAshera ezinde phakathi emakriweni aluhlaza. Ezi zinto nje imizekelo yinkulumbuso facies.

Igama elithi "facies" liye iingcambu Latin kwaye livela facies elithi - "ubuso", "umfanekiso", "ubuso". Oku kusetyenziswa zezityalo, komhlaba kunye biogeography. Ngokwenkcazelo kakhulu ngempumelelo kwale ingcali yenzululwazi kwexesha elinikiweyo eSoviet D. Nalivkin. Ngokutsho kwakhe, facies - isiqwenga kumphezulu womhlaba, esibonakala phindwe zendalo iimeko, izityalo kunye nezilwanyana. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuba izakhiwo cebetshu iyunifomu esingqongileyo.

Facies njalo ibekwe ngaphakathi biocenosis enye kwaye lubonakala ngokuba impahla omnye umzali, imozulu enye, nolawulo lwamanzi kunye nokhuseleko lomhlaba. Ukususela sabaphathi imbono geosystem, kodwa iqela loqobo zokusebenza kwaye ebeka podurochisch.

Kukho iindidi ezintathu ezingundoqo facies:

1. Continental.
2. Marine.
3. Ethatha ixesha elifutshane (amachweba eziselunxwemeni, imila-, njalo njalo).

isiphelo

Ngoku uyazi ukuba isiseko ucando ngokwasemzimbeni-geographical ukuba ukungafani ngala macandelo ngamnye weqweqwe lendawo: imozulu, isimo, izityalo, izilwanyana kunye nomhlaba. Le nkqubo isekelwe kwimigaqo ezintlanu eziphambili: ukungabi naxanasi, ukufana, integrity, yokwahlulwa (kwaye azonal) kunye socando ekuthelekisweni kweziphumo.

GRF ingaba ezahlukeneyo: i lommandla kunye azonal, ezibanzi kunye noshishino. ucando Geographical sabela kumphezulu womhlaba phezu umbhinqo, kwimimandla kunye subzones, ilizwe zendalo, kwingingqi, kwiphondo, kunye facies amaphecana.