Zitsho Test: oko iimeko kuyimfuneko, iindlela ezisetyenzisiweyo

Xa ukuyila naliphi na ikhaya, phakathi kwezinye izinto, kufuneka uchaziwe yaye iza kuba yintoni isiseko salo. Iintlobo Kukho izizathu ezininzi izakhiwo. Ngelo xesha ke linokuthenjwa uhlobo isiseko uthathwa imfumba. Ngokwakha izakhiwo ezinjalo jikelele kwimihlaba kunye uthela umthamo abahluphekayo. Ngelo xesha nzulu zitsho zibe emhlabeni ukufikelela zikhabane ashinyeneyo. Le isisombululo eyenza ukuba kubekho uzinzo ubukhulu kwaye ishenxisa amathuba inkqubela, yaye ngenxa yoko ezinjengokwaphuka izakhiwo umthwalo-ukuzala. Ngaphambi kokuba kwakhiwe iziseko olu hlobo zidla eziveliswa yinkqubo ezifana zitsho uvavanyo. Benza isiganeko esinjalo ngokuhambisana nemigangatho echazwe isniphu kunye GOST.

Yintoni na isisekelo igoqo

Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala isiseko sale hlobo zakhiwa phantsi indlu ngo-1838. Kusetyenziswe isiseko enjalo ekuqaleni kuphela ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo phezu kwamanzi neendawo afumileyo. Kamva baqalisa ukubeka ziimfumba phantsi izindlu kwindawo permafrost nemihlaba nje engenamandla kakhulu. Ekuhambeni kwexesha lethu, iziseko olu hlobo lungakhiwa kuquka kumathambeka.

Xa intliziyo ukwakhiwa isiseko inkxaso zinde, ibizwa ngokuba amathumba, eziqhagamshelene grillage tye. Lo wokugqibela kunokuba slab ngekhonkrithi eqhubekayo, kunye tape. Lisekela emhlabeni, ngokuxhomekeke kuyilo lwabo, okanye ekhandiweyo okanye ziqinisiwe.

Iingenelo neengozi iziseko imfumba

Unqwabelana, iindlela izilingo zasendle ezahlukileyo, zenziwa kuphela nje izinto ezomeleleyo kakhulu. Oku ngokuqhelekileyo ngesinyithi okanye ufakelo lwesamente. Izinto eziluncedo ezingundoqo iziseko imfumba zezi:

• Ingasetyenziselwa endaweni ezingazinzanga;

• ithuba lomsebenzi kuzo zonke iimeko zemozulu;

• ixabiso eliphantsi kakhulu;

• ngezinga eliphezulu lokuthembeka.

Ukongeza, kukho inzuzo iziseko ezinjalo ziquka into yokuba isakhiwo owakhiwa kwazo ngokoqobo musa akayeki. Ezisilelayo iziseko igoqo incinci kakhulu. benza ke, Kakade, ekhoyo. Bobubi iziseko iquka ikakhulu:

• imfuneko yokusebenzisa izixhobo ezikhethekileyo ekwakheni;

• nokungakwazi zonke phantsi kwisakhiwo ongaphantsi.

ubugcisa Key ukumisela elibizwa amandla

Ngaphambi kokuba kwakhiwe lwemibutho isiseko oluvelayo, phakathi kwezinye izinto, kungachazwa kunye ezifana parameters njengoko ubukhulu kunye nobude yamakariti. Iipropu kuqala, Kakade, ukholosile ubambe isakhiwo. Kodwa kwangaxeshanye ngexesha lokwakha isiseko kufuneka bazame ukuphepha iindleko ezingeyomfuneko.

Ukuze ukwazi kakuhle njani na sokuphepha ezahlukeneyo okanye ukuba inkxaso angasetyenziswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo:

• ukubala lwezibalo, kuthathelwa ingqalelo iimfuno isniphu;

• uvavanyo static yezikhala ndidikwe nensimbi;

• test linamandla.

Iindlela ezimbini zokugqibela kwenye uvavanyo ekuthiwa ziimfumba zomhlaba. Ukwenza iinkqubo ezinjalo kunokuba nakweliphi na ibakala lokwakha - ngethuba lokwenza uphando, uyilo, ngokuthi bangene iintsika njalo njalo ..

Kwiimeko ezininzi, ukumiselwa lokuzala umthamo isekela ziyabanjwa ngexesha elifanayo ukubalwa nokumelana labo ngokomgaqo wokubala, kunye nokuvavanywa. Ngaphezu koko, isiseko yeyona incinane kuzo amaxabiso ifunyenwe. Oku kukuvumela ukuba ekugqibeleni ukwakha isiseko kakhulu esiqinileyo. iindlela ezithile iimvavanyo zitsho endle zidla abanyuliweyo ngokuxhomekeke nokwakhiwa komhlaba.

formula isniphu

Le ndlela emisela iqondo ntshikilelo yenkcaso igoqo ilula kakhulu yaye ngaloo ndlela ngaphantsi echanekileyo. Looks ethwele amandla ubalo ifomula ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: Fdu = R * A + u * Σ γcf ∙ fi ∙ h, apho:

• R - ukumelana nomhlaba sisincoko ethile phantsi kuphela (emiselwe yi kwetafile);

• A - indawo kwisiseko igoqo;

• fi - avareji ixabiso ukungawi kumphezulu inkxaso osecaleni (ngokuxhomekeke izinto lemveliso);

• u - kujikelezo umnqamlezo-candelo Ezeli;

• hi - zenza umaleko womhlaba.

Kuba unqwabelana ndidikwe, netoti owawufikelela ukuya ku-1.5 m, kwaye ubude - ukuya ku 40m xa ukwakhiwa kwezindlu kwimihlaba udongwe ezi parameters kuya kuba amanani alandelayo:

• R ngenxa zomhlaba oludongwe - 794 kPa.

• A = π ∙ D2 / 4 = 3.14 * 0.8 / 4 = 0.5 m2.

• u = π ∙ d = * 3,14 0.8 = 2,5 m.

• Σ γcf ∙ fi ∙ hi = 222 (emiselwe ngokusebenzisa itheyibhile silixabisile fi kunye hi).

Kufakwe ezi nkcukacha zibe kwifomula, kusenokwenzeka ukuba ufumane isiphumo enjalo Fdu = 794 * 0.5 + 2.5 * 222 = 952 KN = 95.2 m.

Xa kuyimfuneko zitsho test static

Le ndlela ivumela ukufumanisa kwisikhundla isekela ngokuchanekileyo kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Nakuba kunjalo, iimvavanyo ezingashukumiyo zixhobo zingaxabisi ibiza kakhulu. Enye ethile obu bugcisa kucingwa ukuba yokuba kuthatha ixesha elide kakhulu. Ukususela ekuqaleni kwalo msebenzi yoko ethile usebenzisa indlela enjalo ngokuqhelekileyo ithatha ubuncinane ngeveki. Kodwa uninzi eli xesha nokuba ixesha elide.

Iimvavanyo ezimile zidla kuphela xa sifuna uncedo. Ngokomzekelo, xa ekomelezeni iziseko nokoyikiswa ukuwa izakhiwo izakhiwo ezindala. Kwakhona kule technology kwavavanya Imihlaba ngodongwe. Iindlela zovavanyo Field ngu njengeemfumba kwiziza ezinjalo ingasetyenziswa izinto ezahlukeneyo, kuquka linamandla. Kodwa isivuno static kunjalo iziphumo inokuthenjwa. Kukwasebenza kwanjalo kuyo umhlaba bulk (ukusuka doti zokwakha) okanye loess.

Indlela emile Iimvavanyo: scheme jikelele

Ukumisela ebizwa umthamo yezikhala ngokwale neteknoloji ebonisa indlela yomsebenzi wabo kwisiza eyenzelwe - ububi kweemeko zomhlaba ethile le into. Oku kukuvumela ukuba ufumane isiphumo echanekileyo. Kwenziwa uvavanyo entsimini kwimihlaba yi ziimfumba zobugcisa ezingashukumiyo ngokwamanqanaba eziliqela. inkxaso yokuqala ezibethelelwe emhlabeni ukuya kwinqanaba oluqhelekileyo. Emva kokuba banikwe ngokuqinileyo iintsuku 3-20, ngokuxhomekeke nokwakhiwa komhlaba. Oku kuyimfuneko ukuqinisekisa ukuba umhlaba wachacha links zezakhiwo.

Okulandelayo, uvavanyo imfumba ngokwamanqanaba (izigaba), nazo ukuvumela ukuba eme, lolayisho ixesha ngalinye ngokulinganisa pellet ngoncedo izixhobo ezikhethekileyo. Umhlaba zinyibilikisiwe Ubude lilonke le nkqubo umenzi imalunga ne-2 iintsuku permafrost - malunga 10. umthwalo zitsho uvavanyo efunekayo anokwenziwa usebenzisa izicwangciso:

• a jack ngamanzi, zitsho ababekungxamele, imiqadi yenkqubo;

• YakwaHyunday kunye neqonga isetyenziswe njengesikhululo ngenxa jack;

• kunye nomthwalo torque;

• zidityanisiwe.

Ukongeza, ezi mvavanyo ezingashukumiyo yezikhala nga kuveliswa kusetyenziswa nokutsala ngaphandle imithwalo. Kulo mzekelo, izixhobo lusetyenziswayo IKONA.

izigcawu

Qala ukusebenza ukujonga umthwalo ethwele amandla inkqubo static ngokwenkcukacha, kunokwenzeka kuphela emva kokuba amandla yezikhala concrete kufika 75%. Ixhasa pre-ahlolwe ukuze ubukho zeetships nezinye iziphene. Ngokuhlola kuvunyelwa kuphela ngokomgangatho wenza zitsho. Ukuba kuyimfuneko, iintloko zabo ziyanyuswa yinto ngumnini wangaphandle. Chipped kwezinye iimeko ukuba kutywinwe umxube isamente-isanti.

Enye yamakariti phambi kokwenza uvavanyo izimisele njengesalathisi. Ngaphambi hammering oko, phakathi kwezinye izinto, khangela ukuba tye. Kwakhona, ngokucophelela indawo lonxibelelwano yayo ukuguga. Ukunxaxha ukusuka kumgca othe ngqo isekela, nangokungqinelana nemigaqo, akufuneki sibe ngaphezulu kwe-10 mm phezu lonke ubude nangoluphi iinqwelomoya.

Ukongeza uhlolo, uvavanyo ibandakanya zitsho olu hlobo lomsebenzi wolungiselelo njengoko lomhlaba ubumanzi obukhatshwa. Ngapha koko, eli lizwe phantsi endlwini elomileyo elandelayo akusoloko. Yaye ngenxa yoko, umthwalo phezu kwaloo mfumba isenokuba ngaphezulu kwe kwiimeko eziqhelekileyo. Kuba moistening umhlaba kunye iperimitha test pad ogrunjiweyo ububanzi umsele ka-0.5 m kunye nobunzulu 1-1.5 m. Maxa wambi Kwakhona bemba amaqula (ngokuqhelekileyo imali lamaqhosha 3). ububanzi sabo ngu-20 cm. Ibandakanya Kwakhona wellbore kwindawo buthelezi.

Ngexesha uvavanyo iya kuqinisekisa ukuba inqanaba lamanzi emigodini kunye imisele bahlala ndawonye. Elona xesha lincinane ane of SNP iqashiso sichazwa iiyure ezingama-24 ngokweemitha ubunzulu nganye. Noko ke, eli nani inokwahluka ngokuxhomekeke nokwakhiwa komhlaba.

ubuchwepheshe Iimpawu

Yenza uvavanyo endle eyona ngokwabo unqwabelana ezingashukumiyo, abone ukuba umthwalo nkqo lusesazulwini kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Le kwenze ku sigaba nganye ilinganiswa ngokusebenzisa ukwahlulwa-uhlobo 0,01 Iimpawu ixabiso mm ngokweyure.

Xa zanda emhlabeni kuvela baya- zonke iintlobo imigudu izidubuli. ezidluliswayo ngokusebenzisa inkqubo iibhloko ngemikrozo ababekungxamele, iintsika zisetyenziselwa ukwenza imithwalo ufakelo. Ukulawulwa kula macandelo nako kuthwalelwa phandle nge izikhombisi ngeyure. Ngokutsho imimiselo, ixabiso avumelekile ubuninzi okuwisa ka-0.2 cm. Iimpawu zonke izixhobo ezifakiweyo ngokuyimfuneko isuswe kwi uvavanyo kwibakala ngalinye. Ngaphezu koko, ukuba ibhalwe kwirejista ekhethekileyo.

Ngoxa kokuphumla exhasa ngokwe GOST

Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, phambi kokuba uvavanyo nyathelo ngalinye kuyimfuneko ukuma ngemikrozo. Ngoxa kokuphumla exhasa imisela GOST. zitsho zomhlaba Test ngenkqubo static lwenziwa ngokuhambelana ukwakhiwa kwawo. Yiyiphi le meko, kukho ubudlelwane zingafunyanwa kule theyibhile ingezantsi.

Ukumisela uhlobo lomhlaba kwisiza zolwakhiwo isakhiwo ngokusebenzisa iimvavanyo elebhu.

Iimvavanyo Dynamic: apho amatyala kuqhutywa

Izinto eziluncedo yale ndlela ke iindleko eliphantsi kunye nexesha elincinane wachitha. Noko ke, ukuchaneka iziphumo zovavanyo olutshintshayo isivuno static. Chitha rhoqo kakhulu, yaye phantse zonke iisayithi ebonakalayo ngaxeshanye izibalo bethwele umthamo yezikhala. Ezi zixhobo ngexesha elinye kwiimeko ezininzi efanayo iyimpahla ekwenzeni iziseko.

uvavanyo Dynamic yezikhala: scheme jikelele

Njengoko ubhaptizo igoqo emhlabeni ukwenzeka uphawu lokugqibela. Oku kubonakala kwinto yokuba ngaxeshanye kunye imfumba incam nzulu kunciphisa ukungaphumeleli. Ekugqibeleni, inkxaso kunye bonke ime ukungena emhlabeni. indlela ubalo Dynamic, enyanisweni, lilinge babalise ukungaphumeleli imfumba kwaye umthamo walo ukuzala. Ngokubanzi, lubonakaliswa ifomula: G * H = Fu ∙ Sa + G * h + α ∙ G ∙ H, apho:

• G * H - umsebenzi ngesando;

• Fu ∙ Sa - umsebenzi kwi emanzini;

• α ∙ G ∙ H - umsebenzi deformation inelastic;

• G ∙ h - umsebenzi deformation ilastiki;

• Sa - zitsho ukungaphumeleli ngeemitha;

• Fu - eziveza umthwalo umda uxhathiso (KN);

• A - ukuguqulwa lomlingani yinxalenye amandla abe bubushushu.

Sa parameter ngokuqhelekileyo kuchazwa komndilili imfumba uthotho immersive lweempembelelo (4 ukuya kweli-10). test ukusilela Umlinganiselo ixhasa izixhobo ezahlukeneyo (otkazomera, roulette, dipstick).

zitsho zomhlaba uvavanyo kufuneka kwenziwe dynamically usebenzisa ngehamile enzima ngokwaneleyo. Inyaniso yokuba ukwanda ubunzima bayo nokwandisa ukuchaneka izibalo.

Xa abhalwe iimvavanyo:

• inani imivimbo isando;

• ixabiso ukusilela emva emanzini ukuya uphawu ezimiselweyo;

• sokufunxa ratio (ukusilela ukusilela ngexesha imfumba kwi dobivku).

Iimpawu zokwenza uvavanyo olushukumisayo kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zomhlaba

Sand kwi ongokusetyenziswa kwethekhinoloji ezifana Bawafumba ngokufanayo ubunjwe. Kwimihlaba Udongwe wabona into eyahluke. Okokuqala, njengokuba kwintlabathi, kukho ukwehla kancinane ndoyisiwe. Kodwa kukho kubunzulu abathile utshintsho rate oyekayo. Maxa wambi nkqu ukwanda ndoyisiwe. Kulo mba, kusenokubonakala ngathi ukuqhuba igoqo ayinyuki umthamo wabo umthwalo. Noko ke, le nto ngokuqinisekileyo akunjalo. Ukuncipha ukumelana ngodongwe ngenxa ngokuyintloko ukuze yokunyibilika yayo impembelelo.

Kungenxa yale meko, intsimi zokuvavanya ziimfumba zomhlaba kwiindawo ezinjalo elamkeleke ukuphumeza indlela static. Kwezinye iimeko, ungasebenzisa i onamandla. Kodwa emva kokuba yokunyibilika kufuneka uthathe ikhefu emsebenzini ngeveki okanye ezimbini.

Kwiindawo sandy ngexesha uvavanyo olutshintshatshintshayo wambi ndilugcinile nomkhwezeli. Emva bekhefu igoqo uqhuba okwexeshana, ukusilela baqala ukwandisa. Oku kubangelwa ikakhulu ukuya ukugangatheka womhlaba phantsi kwincam yingqumba. Kulo mba, ngokwemigangatho iimvavanyo olushukumisayo kwiindawo sandy wenza iintsuku ezintathu emva kwenye, yaye udongwe - iintsuku ezi-6.

Yintoni ukufuna ukwazi

uvavanyo Dynamic yezikhala kwiimeko ezithile, oko kubonisa eliphezulu kakhulu imveliso obuvelisa amandla, okanye ngolunye uhlobo - i understated. Oku kubangelwa ikakhulu kubume sekhombuya womhlaba. Igoqo ingangena maleko exineneyo angene evakalala ngakumbi, okanye ngolunye uhlobo. Xa loo namageduka nzima iziphumo ezingachanekanga babonisa uvavanyo static. Kungenxa yoko le nto phambi kokuqala nawuphi na umsebenzi kwisiza qiniseka ukwenza uphando olunzulu zejoloji.

Luluphi ukhokelo

Kuvavanywa unqwabelana ngokuvumelana kunye nemigaqo emiselwe liSebe maxwebhu alandelayo:

• GOST 5686-96 "Imihlaba. Techniques unqwabelana iimvavanyo ";

• Isniphu 2.02.03-85 "iziseko igoqo";

• Isniphu 3.02.02-87 "lweZiseko, ezayame, iziseko";

• 50-102-203 SP "Izixhobo kunye nokuqulunqa imfumba lesiseko";

• GOST 25258-82 "Indlela yokufumanisa yasendle lobushushu";

• standard Interstate ukuqhuba uphando zejoloji (Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russian Federation).

Phambi kokuba uvavanyo static kuyinto technical task, le projekthi isebenza, kwakunye esakhiweni azotywe isicwangciso bayo icandelo neznye. Ekugqityweni umsebenzi entsimini emva kokuba iindleko zigqitywa ubukhulu yezibalo ngokukuko kunye nobude yamakariti.