Zokudubula - uthixo imfazwe? Zokudubula World Second

"Le zokudubula - uthixo yemfazwe" - yaba lavakalisa I. V. Stalin, ethetha malunga enye yezi ntlobo ezibalulekileyo amajoni. Ngala mazwi, wayezama ukugxininisa ukubaluleka enkulu ukuba ezi zixhobo ngexesha Second World War. Kwaye le ngxelo kuyinyaniso, njengoko yemfaneleko zokudubula ayikwazi nemikhuba. amandla ayo wavumela imikhosi Soviet ufekethe niziqhekeze iintshaba kunye ukusondela Ukoyisa enqwenelekayo Omkhulu.

Kamva kweli nqaku ziza kuqwalaselwa zokudubula yeHlabathi yeSibini, nto leyo ke kwinkonzo lwamaNazi Germany kunye eSoviet Union, eqala ngemipu anti-itanki ukukhanya nesiphelo superheavy guns-kwanezilo.

guns anti-itanki

Njengoko imbali yeMfazwe yeSibini yeHlabathi, imipu ukukhanya ngokubanzi yaba phantse abusebenzi izithuthi vehicles. Inyaniso yokuba ngokuqhelekileyo ziyilwe kule minyaka interwar, kwaye ukumelana ukhuseleko ababuthathaka kuphela izithuthi zokuqala vehicles. Kodwa phambi kokuqala yeSibini yeHlabathi Technology mihla ngokukhawuleza. iitanki Zempi kuba mkhulu kakhulu, zininzi kwazo iintlobo izixhobo baba tshembiseke lixesha.

Ixesha ingenzeka kwezixhobo enzima kude kwangaphezulu uphuhliso isizukulwana esitsha lwemipu. Gun amaqela, abathatha inxaxheba okanye umhlobo wakhe, gala kwakhe, wabona ukuba amagalelo abo ngqo-guided abakhange hit the kwiitanki. Zokudubula waba namandla ukwenza nantoni na. Amaqokobhe nje bounced off angaphathi vehicles, ngaphandle ebangela kwabo okubi.

Adubula uhla ku imipu anti-itanki ukukhanya phantsi, ngoko ke abasebenzi gun kwafuneka ukuba ukuzimela kwi utshaba umgama ukusondela kakhulu ashaye ngokuqinisekileyo. Ekugqibeleni, oku zokudubula iMfazwe Yehlabathi II Undityhale kwi ngemvelaphi yayisetyenziswa njengendawo inkxaso umlilo elihamba phezu zisenzeka.

zokudubula endle

Isantya lokuqala ubuninzi flight uluhlu amaqokobhe zokudubula asendle ngelo xesha yaba nempembelelo enkulu phezu zombini ekulungiseleleni imisebenzi ekhubekisayo kunye nokusebenza kwamanyathelo ukuzithethelela. Edubula ethintela ukuhamba simahla yotshaba, kwaye kuphele zonke imigca ubonelelo. Ngomzuzwana ingakumbi ebalulekileyo zokudubula asendle idabi (imifanekiso ungabona kwinqaku) kudla kusindiswa imikhosi yakhe, wanceda ukuze azuze uloyiso. Ngokomzekelo, ebudeni bemfazwe eFransi ngowe-1940, iJamani isicelo imipu yayo 105-millimitha leFH 18. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba amaJamani badla uphume noloyiso zamehlo zokudubula kunye neebhetri yotshaba.

imipu Field, eyayisakuba yi-Red Army, zaye zimelwe umpu 76.2 mm ngowe-1942 ukukhululwa. Yena waba kakhulu Velocity isicheme ophezulu, nto leyo eyenza kube lula ukuba atyhudise ukukhuselwa isikrweqe German. Ukongeza, ezi imipu yiSoviet kule esigaba uluhlu ezaneleyo ukuze bathi kufuneka izinto ukusuka kumgama kakuhle kubo. UMgwebi wena; komgama andizele ngeenxa, kaninzi ngaphezu kwe-12 km! Oku ukuba izikhulu eSoviet kusenezithuba kude Uyalwa unqandwe kwangaphambili utshaba.

An into umdla kukuba ngo-1942, i-imipu isampula ixesha yeSibini kweMfazwe Yehlabathi baye bakhululwa okuninzi ngaphezu ezinye izixhobo zohlobo olufanayo. Okumangalisayo kukuba, ezinye iikopi, kwaye ahlale phezu Russian Army.

mortars

Mhlawumbi izixhobo zenkxaso nomkhosi ezingabizi kakhulu kwaye esebenza mortars. Bona kuhlanganiswa ngokugqibeleleyo iimpawu ezifana noluhlu kunye firepower, ngoko ukusetyenziswa kwazo iye yakwazi ukutshintsha indlela lonke utshaba ekhubekisayo.

imikhosi German wayedla 80mm "Granatverfer-34." Esi sixhobo zuza notoriety phakathi amabutho ahlangene le ngesantya esiphezulu senxulumano kwaye ngqo badubula kakhulu. Ngaphandle siqhele kudubula 2400 m.

Red Army esetyenziselwa inkxaso lomlilo 120mm wabo nomkhosi M1938, wangena inkonzo ngo-1939. Waba wokuqala mortars kunye bodidi ukuba wakha zigidi kwaye asetyenziswe kulo mkhuba ehlabathini. Xa amajoni aseJamani kufuneka senze ezi zixhobo kwi edabini, bayithanda amandla ayo, waza waqalisa ukuya kwimveliso kunye labekwa njenge "Granatverfer-42." M1932 ubunzima 285 kg yaye iimboniselo nodaka esisinda abangenanto nomkhosi tsala nge ngokwayo. Ukwenza oku bakhe okanye zezikhali lube ziinxalenye eziliqela, okanye zitsalwe kwi netroli okhethekileyo. Lakhe uluhlu kudubula 400 m ngaphantsi kunolo isiJamani "Granatverfera-34."

iyunithi self-esingazihambeliyo

Kwiiveki zokuqala yemfazwe, kwaye kwacaca ukuba elihamba kakhulu abadinga ukuxhasa lomlilo ethembekileyo. Le imikhosi German axhobileyo akudibana yimiqobo ngendlela izikhundla kakuhle enqatyisiweyo kunye ingqalelo enkulu amabutho yotshaba. Ngoko bagqiba ukomeleza mobile inkxaso umlilo zokudubula 105 ufakelo abazingcayo ngokwaso mm "Vespa", zabe kwi isisu semoto itanki PzKpfw II. Ezinye izixhobo ezinjalo - "Hummel" - yaba yinxalenye kokohlukana ezizimoto kunye itanki ukususela 1942.

Ngelo xesha linye i-Red Army wabonakala axhobileyo umpu self-ngokwaso SU-76 umpu, 76.2 mm. Kwagqitywa ekhwele isisu semoto basis of itanki ukukhanya T-70. Ekuqaleni, i-SU-76 kulindeleke ukuba usebenzise njenge umbhuqi itanki, kodwa ngethuba isicelo zayo waqonda ukuba kwakufuneka enze firepower encinane kakhulu.

Ngentwasahlobo yowe-1943, imikhosi yaseSoviet wafumana imoto entsha - wapin-152. Kwagqitywa mayixhotyiswe howitzer-152.4 mm kwaye senzelwe intshabalalo lamatanki kunye zokudubula mobile kunye nenkxaso elihamba umlilo. Okokuqala, umpu elifakiweyo isisu semoto itanki HF-1, ze emva koko kwi-IC. Ngokulwa, le isixhobo kuye kwaba kangangokuba waba kwinkonzo kunye nomkhosi, kwakunye amazwe Warsaw Pact ukuya-imi- 70 kwinkulungwane yokugqibela.

zokudubula Soviet enzima

Olu hlobo izixhobo kwakubaluleke kakhulu ekuhambeni impi ngexesha Second World War. Eyona ngxaki yokuwa phantsi zokudubula ezikhoyo ngoko owakhiwa Red Army, waba howitzer M1931 B-4 ukuvuleka 203 mm. Xa amajoni Soviet baqalisa isantya advance ngokukhawuleza abahlaseli German zommandla wayo kunye imfazwe eMpuma Front baba ngakumbi indalo emile, zokudubula enzima ke, njengoko bathi, endaweni yazo.

Kodwa ababhekisi phambili sihlala sifuna ukuba ngcono. umsebenzi wabo ukwenza isixhobo, apho kuya kuba lula ukwenza kakuhle iimpawu ezazidityaniswa ezifana ubunzima ophantsi, uluhlu elungileyo kunye projectiles esisinda ngaphezulu. Kwaye esi sixhobo zadalwa. Baba howitzer 152-millimitha ML-20. kamva abendlu yiSoviet A kancinane wafumana maxesha ngakumbi isixhobo M1943 kunye bodidi efanayo, kodwa bemfuno umphanda kunye kusisithintelo isicheme enkulu.

Iinkampani ukukhusela eSoviet Union luvelise elikhulu iqela xa howitzers ezinjalo, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni utshaba babuthana umlilo. Zokudubula ngokoqobo libhuqiwe izithuba German, yaye ngaloo ndlela wayihlutha izicwangciso ekhubekisayo utshaba. Umzekelo ukusebenza "Storm", nto leyo kuthwalelwa phandle ngempumelelo 1942. kwayo kwaba encirclement kwi Stalingrad, i waseJamani 6 Army. Eyona yayo asetyenziswa ngaphezulu kwama-13 amawaka. Guns kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo. amandla ibonwe ukulungiselela zokudubula ngaphambi uhlaselo. Yaba yena negalelo kakhulu advance ngokukhawuleza imikhosi Soviet vehicles kunye nomkhosi.

izikhali German enzima

Ngokutsho Versailles Treaty emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I eJamani ziyekisiwe ngemipu kunye bodidi-150 mm okanye ngaphezulu. Ngoko ke siqinile abanezakhono "Krupp 'inxaxheba ekuphuhliseni umpu entsha, kwafuneka ukuba udale i enzima howitzer intsimi sFH 18-149.1 mm ifatyi, kuqulethe tube, kunye breech istili.

Ekuqaleni nempi howitzer German enzima ukuhamba kunye nehashe zokutsalwa kwimithwalo. Kodwa kamva kwaba uguqulelo maxesha ye sele iqhube isiqingatha-umkhondo itrektara, nto leyo kakhulu yeselula. Umkhosi waseJamani iye isicelo ngempumelelo kwi-Eastern Front. Ekupheleni kwale howitzer imfazwe sFH 18 ekhwele isisu semoto itanki. Ngoko ke, ndiye imipu self-ngokwaso, "Hummel."

Soviet Katyusha

amabutho enomjukujelwa kunye zokudubula - yenye zezahlulo imikhosi komhlaba. Ukusetyenziswa imijukujelwa ngexesha Second World War kwabangelwa ikakhulu yokubhuqiswa lwa eMpuma Front. Ezinamandla imijukujelwa umlilo wazigqubuthela imimandla yakhe enkulu ngaphezu offset ezinye inaccuracy kwezixhobo engakhokelwa. Ethelekiswa izikhali eqhelekileyo imijukujelwa imali yaba ngaphantsi kakhulu, wazenza kubo ngokukhawuleza okukhulu. Enye inzuzo lula ekhoyo umsebenzi wabo.

ESoviet zokudubula irula ngexesha lemfazwe wasebenzisa kweqokobhe 132-aphindwe M-13. Baye wadalelwa 1930 kwaye ngelo xesha, njengoko iJamani yamaNazi wahlasela eSoviet Union, baba ibe ncinci kakhulu. Ezi izikhali ke mhlawumbi edume zonke ezi amaqokobhe kusetyenziswa ngexesha Second World War. Ngokuthe ngcembe Bamisa imveliso yabo, ekupheleni kuka-1941, M-13 eyasetyenziswa kwi edabini nxamnye amaNazi.

Ndimele ndithi ukuba amajoni enomjukujelwa kunye zokudubula ye-Red Army, amaJamani waziphosa Njengokungeniswa oko kubangelwa ngamandla ibonwe yaye Impembelelo isixhobo esitsha ezibulalayo. Izindululi BM-13-16 zabekwa iilori neentsimbi kufuneka rounds 16. Kamva, le nkqubo enomjukujelwa uya kwaziwa ngokuba "Katyusha". Ekuhambeni kwexesha ziye zaphuculwa izihlandlo eziliqela yaye wayebunjwa Soviet Army de-imi- 80 kwinkulungwane yokugqibela. Nokufika ngexabiso izindululi ibinzana elithi "zokudubula - uthixo imfazwe" ekwaqaliswa waqonda njengenyaniso.

izindululi irula German

A uhlobo entsha isixhobo ukuba ahlangule yokulwa iindawo discontinuous ezinkulu nezincinci mgama. Ngenxa yoko, izikhali ezimfutshane-uluhlu ingqalelo firepower zabo ekujoliswe ebekwe kumgca ngaphambili, ngoxa kunye moya elide hit enomjukujelwa ezintweni esemva imigca yotshaba.

AmaJamani nabo ngokwabo irula zokudubula yayo. "Vurframen-40" - rocket yokuqalisa waseJamani, nto leyo ine kwisiqingatha-umkhondo Sd.Kfz.251 technology. Irula zooms kwinjongo ngokuvula umatshini. Ngamanye amaxesha ezi imixokelelwano yaziswa kwi ekulweni nje zokudubula mfutho.

Kwiimeko ezininzi, amaJamani kusetyenziswa irula yokuqalisa "Nebelverfer-41", apho kwakukho isakhiwo yobusi. Kwakugcwele yimiqolo ezintandathu tubular yaye ukhwele inqwelo-enamavili amabini. Kodwa ebudeni ukulwa esi sixhobo yayiyindawo eyingozi kakhulu hayi kuphela utshaba kodwa ukubala yabo ngenxa ukutsala aphume imibhobho zasoplovogo ilangatye.

Weight amaqokobhe irula injini kube nefuthe elikhulu uluhlu ebaleka. Ngoko ke, yaba inzuzo ebonakalayo wamajoni umkhosi, zokudubula kabani na hit ekujoliswe ebekwe kude emva komgca yotshaba. izikhali German enzima baba luncedo kuphela umlilo umphezulu, xa kuyimfuneko ukuba ukubulala izinto kakuhle enqatyisiweyo, ezifana ezingaphansi, izithuthi vehicles kunye ezahlukeneyo zokuzikhusela.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba umlilo zokudubula amaJamani zingaphantsi kakhulu kwi kuluhlu Katyusha irula yokuqalisa ngenxa kakhulu amaqokobhe sisingqala.

guns superheavy

Xa imikhosi exhobileyo kaHitler indima ebaluleke kakhulu eyadlalwa zokudubula. Oku zonke ngakumbi akumangalisi ukuba phantse zizeyeyona nto ibalulekileyo kumatshini impi yamaNazi, njengoko abaphengululi mihla ngenxa yesizathu esithile ukhetha ingqalelo yabo ukufunda kwimbali Luftwaffe (Air Force).

Nokuba ekupheleni kwemfazwe iinjineli isiJamani ukusebenza grand isithuthi esitsha transport - ngere- lwe kwitanki enkulu, xa kuthelekiswa ne apho Ezinye izixhobo zomkhosi wayebonakala ayenokwenzakalisa. Le P1500 Iprojekthi "Monster" akazange abe nexesha ukuphumeza. Yinto eyaziwayo nje ukuba itanki iza ubunzima iitoni 1.5. Kwacetywa ukuba wayeza yambethe umpu-sentimitha 80 "Gustav" eqinile "Krupp". Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba abakhi bayo omkhulu njalo, akukho ngaphandle kunye zokudubula. Le isixhobo wangena nkonzo kunye nomkhosi ngamaNazi ebudeni bokungqingwa Sevastopol. Cannon wenza ezingama kuqhume-48, emva koko wazala banxibe.

guns Rail K-12 ababesenkonzweni 701 th zokudubula ibhetri emi elunxwemeni Channel. Ngokutsho kwezinye iingxelo, amaqokobhe zabo, njengoko ubunzima 107,5 kg, wabethwa iithagethi eziliqela emazantsi eNgilani. Ezi Imibungu zokudubula kwanezilo waba icandelo labo T-ezimilise, kufuneka ukuba ufake yaye kujoliswe.

izibalo

Njengoko sibonile ngaphambili, amazwe zomkhosi inxaxheba kwemfazwe yehlabathi ka-1939-1945, wangena ekulweni ngemipu lixesha okanye ngokuyinxenye ziphuculwe. Zonke eyiyo zabo bafumanisa ngokupheleleyo kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Zokudubula ifuneka ngokungxamisekileyo hayi kuphela uhlaziyo, kodwa ukunyusa ubungakanani bayo.

Ukususela 1941 ukuya 1944, Germany uvelise ngaphezulu kwe 102 lamawaka. Imipu kunye bodidi ezahlukeneyo ukuya ku amawaka 70. Mortars. Ngexesha uhlaselo kwi eSoviet Union, amaJamani wayesele malunga 47 iwaka zokudubula., Kwaye loo nto ayithethi kuquka izixhobo ukuhlasela. Xa sithatha umzekelo eUnited States, bona babe xesha wavelisa malunga namawaka 150. Guns. Britain bakwazi ukuvelisa kuphela 70 lamawaka. Izixhobo kule klasi. Kodwa irekhodi kolu ugqatso eSoviet Union: iminyaka imfazwe apho zaye zakhutshwa ngaphezulu kwama-480 amawaka imipu mortars, malunga 350 amawaka ... Ngaphambi koku, sele yiSoviet Union e th wenkonzo 67. Nemigqomo. Eli nani unikwa ngaphandle kokuthatha ingqalelo mortars-millimitha 50, zokudubula kunye anti-moya ngemipu ye Navy.

Ngexesha iminyaka zokudubula amazwe onobundlobongela iMfazwe Yehlabathi II unenzondelelo iinguqu ezinkulu. Rhoqo kwi imikhosi ezifunyenwe mhlawumbi zanyuselwa okanye ngokupheleleyo izixhobo ezitsha. Ingakumbi ngokukhawuleza, kwaye anti-self-ngokwaso zokudubula (iifoto elo xesha ukubonisa amandla ayo). Ngokutsho neengcali ezivela kumazwe ahlukeneyo, malunga nesiqingatha yokuphulukana imikhosi komhlaba akhawunti ukuba ukusetyenziswa udaka ngexesha yokulwa.