Ende eliphezulu le Moscow yesicelo. Inkcazelo iinqaba Moscow yesicelo

Ende eliphezulu le Moscow yesicelo - i Tower icandelo yomntla ngundoqo eludongeni, abashiya Alexander Garden. Ibizwa ngokuba Emnye, le zokuhamba kunye yesibini ngobukhulu. Ende nigcobe inkwenkwezi lwesardiyo, kwaye kanye phezu kwalo, njengokuba kwakunye kwi Spassky vezhe (igama Old Russian), chimes ngokuxhonywa.

Ilitye lamandulo elimhlophe yesicelo

Nkqu Grand Duke nguDmitry Donskoy kule minyaka 1366-1368 zaye indawo udonga oqingqiweyo ka incwadi yesicelo. Le nkcazelo ukusuka apho ukwakha iinqaba amatsha neenqaba, kaninzi kuye kube lekalika eliqaqambileyo okanye "ilitye elimhlophe", nto leyo ibisisityebi kakhulu kwimimandla engundoqo eRashiya. Olu imvelaphi kunye uphawu mandulo eMoscow - "ilitye elimhlophe". Noko ke, izinto sakhiwo iinqaba ethe kunye esidala. umsebenzi wokubuyiselwa wenziwe rhoqo, ngoko ukuba kukho intabalala ubungqina yemihla. Ngoko ke, ngo-1462 i-Moscow merchant Vasiliem Dmitrievichem Ermolinym, ngelo xesha ophethe lonke ulwakhiwo usebenza kwinqanaba likazwelonke, ukulungiswa enkulu iindonga lwaqhutywa kwisango Borovitsky Sviblovo strelnitsa. Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo, "nguwuphi na iinqaba ye yesicelo lelona liphezulu", kufuneka wazi ngazo zonke iinkcukacha, kuquka ngokutsha jikelele iindonga neenqaba ukuba, nangona ulungiso olukhulu, baqhubeka "yiya." Ngenxa yesi sizathu, Ivan III Enkulu, nesilima, ngasendleleni, Moscow ubungakanani ulawulo izihlandlo ezi-6, umthetho wakhutshwa kwi wesithathu yokugqibela yenkulungwane XV, ngenxa wabulawayo apho Moscow yesicelo, neendonga zawo neenqaba uye lenguqulelo olukhulu.

lwezitena ezibomvu New yesicelo

Ukuze kuphunyezwe injongo yayo i-Grand iNkosana eMoscow imema evela eItali iinkosi adumileyo lwezakhiwo, phantsi kolwalathiso abathi 1485 iqala uhlalutyo pryasel ilitye elimhlophe (indawo ephakathi ezinde mabini), iindonga neenqaba ngokwabo. Iminyaka elishumi, on-site iinqaba icacisiwe zakhiwa omtsha, eli xesha ngezitena. Ngeli kuvuselelwa ndawo yesicelo yanyuswa ngokufaka aninasabelo kumntla-inqaba. Ke ngoku 27.5 hectares yaye ifumene i imilo unxantathu ezitenxileyo ezinokwenzeka. Icacisa inqaba yangoku. Lo msebenzi ukhokelwa abavela. Ngoko ke akukho nto ayimangalisi kwinto yokuba isiphelo esisemantla iindonga, ihonjiswe kunye nongqameko, yonke Veigy (igama Old Russian), kubandakanywa ende mde le Moscow yesicelo, zininzi kunene ngathi zakhe ezinde Italian - Scaligero e Verona kunye Milan kaThixo Sforza Castle.

EMoscow Tower inqaba

Total Moscow yesicelo uye ezinde 20. Three ikona - Vodovzvodnaya, Beglemishevskaya kunye Corner Arsenal - icandelo inqaba ezingeenxa, ngoxa abanye, kuquka ende mde le Moscow yesicelo - isikwere. Of le lomculo iyonke, abaneminyaka isikakhulu isimbo enye, umi Nikolskaya nenqaba evelele Red Square, nto leyo 1812 isiFrentshi zabetha up. Xa imisebenzi ukubuyiselwa olwenziwe iprojekthi O. I. Bove, wanika ujongo ngalinye yaye zaveza emhlophe. Yonke imilo vezhi kunye nokuphakama zahlukile enye kwenye. Ke nguwuphi na kubo enyangweni neNqaba yesicelo? Emnye. Yintoni na apho? Yintoni imbali yayo?

abakhi fryazhskie

A wokulungisa lilonke yesicelo wabandakanyeka Aleviz Fryazin (Milanese), owafika eMoscow ngo-1494. Ngowe-1495 yena inxaxheba ekwakhiweni iindonga neenqaba ecaleni Neglinnaya River. amagumbi Stone zakhiwa phantsi kobunkokheli bakhe (iminyaka 1499-1508). Ngowe-1508 wakha kwidama phezu komlambo, kona ecaleni emantla-ntshona inxalenye yodonga yesicelo. Enkosi kubo inqanaba amanzi omlambo lenyuka kakhulu ukuba bazalise okwabangela wadala owayame eludongeni elijonge Red Square. It ukususela 1508 ukuya 1516 phantsi kolwalathiso Milanese bemba. Kwaye ke bazakhela entla injengenqaba eliphezulu le Moscow yesicelo.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba Fryazin - alikho igama, isiteketiso endababalwa zonke iingcali Western Russian owayevele elisemazantsi eYurophu. Lisuka kwigama egqwethekileyo "franc". Ngenxa yoku, kwakuye ukudideka. Aloisio da Milano, Aleviz Fryazin Milanese kunye Aloisio da Karezano (okanye Carcano) - ezi enye, umntu omnye, ukwakha inqaba Emnye Bon Fryazin esinyusiweyo belfry "Ivan Veliky". Kwangaxeshanye, uIvan III wamema eMoscow omnye Aleviz Fryazin, kodwa Venitsiantsa okanye Entsha. Babenayo igama nokuba eqhelekileyo - abakhi fryazhskie. Ukongeza kwezi "Fryazinov" okanye "fryagov" wamema Ivan III Great baba Marco Ruffo kunye Pietro Antonio solari, ngokulandelelana, Mark Peter Fryazinov.

yesicelo yinkulu

Ngoko ke, nasenqabeni ephezulu le Moscow yesicelo nezaye ukususela 1495 ukuya kwiminyaka-1499 Aleviz Fryazin Milanese. Kwaye inqaba yokuqala yesicelo - Taynitskaya Tower (iziko emazantsi yodonga yesicelo) - yasungulwa July 14, 1485. Emva koko, le nqaba bafakwa ukusebenza phantse yonke nyaka. Zakutshanje - Imperial Tower - kwakhiwa 1680. amagama akhetekileyo ufanelwe eludongeni yesicelo, kuquka uhamba ecaleni Neglinnaya River. Embindini ingxenye lelona liphezulu North Tower le Moscow yesicelo. ubude Zizonke udonga ngokulinganayo leemitha 2235, ukuphakama iyahluka ukusuka ku-5 ukuya kwi-19 m. zenza kweendonga ukusuka 3.5 ukuya 6.5 m ukuba ekuqaleni indlela yokungena-wonke, kodwa lwahamba iinxalenye ezahlukeneyo nobutyobo.

udonga unique

Towers zihlukaniswe kumgama othile, nenokuthi boyise epasejini, wazibeka phezu kodonga. ububanzi balo egqitha apho 2, nalapho kunye neemitha-4. Ngaphandle kokuba ukhuselwe amazinyo-ineempondo ezimbini okuphakama ilingana 2-2.5 m, nezinyuko -. M 0,65-0,7 Lilonke inani amazinyo yabalindi elahliweyo kujikelezo alinganayo ziingceba 1045. Sagittarians abasendleleni wall kwicala zentendelezo ungqameko egubungele eludongeni. Ekuqaleni ndinyana lawusibekela umnquba gable phantsi kwayo kuyenzeka ukuba yokusabela kwimozulu embi, kunye nodonga kanye obugutyungelwe kwiinkxwaleko imvula nekhephu. Le Uphahla wazitshisa ngenkulungwane XVIII, kwaye uninzi lwawo akukho abuyiselwe.

History of igama

Ekubeni enyangweni enqabeni Moscow yesicelo ebizwa ngokuba Emnye, oko kuyimfuneko ukuze afumanise oko wayekubizelwa wanikwa eli gama, ingakumbi ukusukela ekuqaleni ngesidima Epiphany, emva koko Rizpolozhensky Znamenskaia kunye Kuretnoy kunye nesihloko yangoku wafumana kuphela ngo-1658 ngenxa yomthetho Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich ngenxa yokuba behlala kummandla yesicelo Emnye kwefama. amagama zangaphambili ezinxulumene kunye namabandla incwadi yesicelo kunye ezikufuphi nendlu umqeqeshi yasebukhosini.

kakhulu yokuqala

Highest yesicelo (photo iqhotyoshelwe) inqaba na imida zilandelayo: ukusuka Alexander Garden, bakha apho phambi kukho umlambo Neglinnaya, wenyukela nelembande, ukuphakama Veigy kunye inkwenkwezi kweemitha 80, ngaphandle - 76,35, kwicala elingaphakathi - ngokulandelelanayo 69,3 kunye 65,65 m. le nqaba walihamba. amasango ayo ukususela ekuqalweni kwayo ukuya ekupheleni XVII ithathwa yesibini ibalulekileyo emva Spassky.

Bakhonza ukuba ndiye iinkundla ookumkanikazi, Kananjalo amakhosikazi kunye solusapho. Ngowe-1516, yi-Trinity Tower phesheya Neglinnaya uMfula ibhulorho owaphela obhobhozayo strelnitsa okanye Barbican, wabiza kulo mzekelo Kutafya inqaba. Wawusebenza iinqaba zokubonisela kwindawo yokuqala ukukhusela ngakumbi esangweni. Kuyinto nenqaba eliseleyo kuphela yesicelo bridgehead. Ukuya nguye Bridge Troitsky, ngokutsho kwezinye iingcali ngembali eMoscow, eyakhelwe kwisiza Izakhiwo zokuqala ilitye le nhloko, elakhiwa ngenkulungwane XIV.

Eyona ibalulekileyo

Yintoni na ende eliphezulu le Moscow yesicelo, yaye kutheni na omkhulu, uMsindisi? Ngokucacileyo, eminye ixesha kwimbali eSoviet, intsingiselo Emnye Gates wongezelela ukuba kuwo Matshi 12, 1918 kwafika V. I. Lenin kwi incwadi yesicelo. Ngokusebenzisa Emnye Gates weza apha, uNapoleon, kubo wagidima evela yesicelo. Abuye loyiso phezu kookumkani kakhulu Emnye Bridge, ngoko ke ngokunzulu esisiwa kwiSango Spassky. Ekuqaleni ende eliphezulu le Moscow yesicelo (photo esiqhotyoshelweyo) wadlala indima ebalulekileyo kwimbali yonke eMoscow. Yeyona enyangweni, kodwa hayi eyona kuba aye Red Square.

Iimfano neeyantlukwano

Nokuphela kokwakhiwa le nqaba kwagqitywa yi nokudalwa iinqaba zonke kumntla-ntshona icandelo beendonga - nganeno yesicelo yaba soyiswe. Inqaba enkulu phezulu ophele amazinyo, intente somthi hipped. La maxwebhu ukusuka 1585, eli Inqaba chimes ukuba lilinganisa ukufana kwayo kuMsindisi. Ukongeza, bobabini zafakelwa elineentloko amabini okhozi, lo Umfuziselo Russia kuBathathu Emnye wayemdala, ndawonye kumaqhekeza ezininzi walutshixa. Kwaye xa 1685 yakhiwa phezu kwelitye multi-tiered kwaye eliphezulu turrets emhlophe enkulu, ezinye uhombiso ilitye elimhlophe, ezifana kundoqo Spassky kwinqaba iye elikhulu kakhulu. Ewe, ukususela ngonyaka we chimes omtsha hung (xa atshiswe ngomlilo eMoscow ngo-1812, azisekho buyisa).

Elements izakhiwo ibandla

Ngomhla umbuzo wawuphi na iinqaba ye yesicelo lelona liphezulu, unako ukuphendula: oko nigcobe kwesitya kunye ezisibhozo nokuba nge smotritelnuyu inxenye. Kuthetha ukuthini? Igama elithi "octagon kwi quadrangle" i uhlobo ubume bokwakha, ingakumbi izakhiwo ibandla. Libe okanye uqwalaselo libe, umgangatho beligxile ezine-kabini, ngakumbi ebanzi-based. Loo sisincoko kwabonakala zokufuna emazulwini, esalinikwayo ulwakhiwo uthsintsho, oko, nayo, yinto eqhelekileyo eMoscow sobuciko. Xa amabandla nempahla elunge yokulifumana intsimbi libe, ngokwendalo, yena wayengekho ezimenyezelayo kwaye ungakhangela ngapha kwawo. Troitskaya Tower, amacandelo eliphezulu ziye zakhiwa kule hlobo wakhangela Kungamnandi kakhulu ukusuka Alexander Garden yangoku. Oku kwenziwa yinto yokuba iikona kwaye strelnitsa wagcinwa turrets ezahlukeneyo kunye uqoqo. Abanye babo athathwa ngexesha nokwandiswa eziziimpazamo ezikhoyo ngo-1707 ngenxa isongela lokuhlasela Swedish. Part - on ukufika kwaba vimba-mpepha Emnye Tower kwe-Ofisi yoMphathiswa weNkundla Imperial. Yakhiwa nokuba ukwandisa.

Lo enkulu, ezisibhozo ezinemigangatho-

Ende eliphezulu incwadi yesicelo e Moscow uye phezulu esitholeni ezintandathu kunye nemigangatho ezimbini komhlaba. zewayini Deep ekuqaleni iinjongo ukuzithethelela kunye nomkhosi. Emva koko, ngenkulungwane XVI-XVII, ezi izisele ziye yaba entolongweni. Le migangatho zinzulu kakhulu ngokufihlakeleyo esafunyanwa 1851. Ngalo lonke ixesha sisekho wayo, Troitskaya Tower esetyenziswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Mna apha de 1895 noovimba weNkundla Imperial, kwaye ngoku iokhestra lukaMongameli ibekwa kuyo.

iinkwenkwezi yesicelo

Ukongeza, nasenqabeni ephezulu incwadi yesicelo e Moscow - omnye ezintlanu jize iinkwenkwezi. Borovitskaya Spasskaya and Nikolskaya kunye Vodovzvodnaya - oko iinqaba ezine, apho iibheringi armorial ye-Imperial Russia kwafakwa iinkwenkwezi. Ukungqinelana iingubo iingalo nako ukubuza umbuzo, oku kunxulumene kakhulu kwi ikhwizi: Impendulo iya kuba: lowo ekwakumi de 1935 omdala (ixesha nokuphakanyiswa - 1830), ukhozi kabini-headed "Nguwuphi na iinqaba Moscow yesicelo lelona liphezulu?". "Omncinane" (1912) waye kuMsindisi. Kwaye indawo inkwenkwezi kuqala. Iinkwenkwezi okuqala ngegolide engathi ngumfanekiswana semi-ezixabisekileyo enzima kakhulu - ukukhathaza ukuya ton. Ngako oko kophahla Spassky, Emnye Borovetskoy iinqaba ngaphambili komelezwa. Noko ke, semi-elinqabileyo inkwenkwezi ngokukhawuleza kubuna, yaye ngowe-1937 bagqiba indawo yazo iinkwenkwezi ezikhanyayo ngeglasi isardiyo.

Ukohluka ezinde yesicelo

Yiyiphi enye indlela uphendule umbuzo malunga yintoni na ende eliphezulu incwadi yesicelo? Ukuba ujonga isicwangciso ubeko, sinako ukubona ukuba lo ende 15 koMsindisi vezhi (elinamanani yi ebalwa) kwaye enyangweni - Emnye, omnye iyemka ibhulorho yakhe. Nganye ye-20 vezh yesicelo ihamba yodwa, uye imbali yayo, kwaye ukuchaza kubo ubuncinane yokuzenzisa, omnye inqaku akwanelanga.