Amagama abazalwana abangcwele, owadala oonobumba Slavic. Imbali oonobumba Slavic

Xa kwimbali komhla ezininzi kwilizwe lethu elizukileyo likaThixo. Uninzi lwabo kuphelela iziganeko bamaxesha amandulo. Enye ezinjalo iziganeko, leyo yayiqhubeka iminyaka emininzi, iye yaba ukuvela ka Slavic Literature. Ngaba uyawazi amagama abazalwana abangcwele, owadala Slavic alphabet? Ukuba akunjalo, ngoko eli nqaku kwabhalwa nje wena!

Ngubani na?

Ukuba ubuncinane akuphuhlanga kakuhle beva utitshala phezu izifundo kwimbali, ngokuqinisekileyo siya kukwazi ukukhumbula ngokwakho. Ewe, amagama abazalwana abangcwele, owadala oonobumba Slavic - KIRILL I Mefody. Oku bashumayeli Slavic, indima yakhe kwimbali yehlabathi kukuba baye lamiselwa, hayi kuphela Orthodox, kodwa iCawa yamaKatolika. Ngaphezu koko, ukukhankanywa ubomi babo kunye nomsebenzi afumaneka kwiincwadi yamatsha ntliziyo Muslim.

Kukholelwa ukuba uCyril (iminyaka yobomi - malunga 827-969) got igama layo kwi Rome Orthodox ngeentsuku nje ezingama-50 ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe. Kubo bonke ubomi bakhe wayesaziwa bomhla wakhe njengoko uConstantine Philosopher. Methodius (iminyaka 820-885 yobomi) waza wabhaptizwa kunye igama elitsha ekupheleni kobomi. Njengokuba igama lakhe enyanisweni, ababhali-mbali zezakwalizwi abazi, kodwa bacebisa ukuba umshumayeli yokuqala ogama Michael.

KIRILL I Mefody (iifoto kubo ukuvelisa umfanekiso kweli nqaku) bekukho abazalwana. Ukongezelela kubo mkhaya amakhwenkwe ezisibhozo. nakwizibetho zabo ngakumbi ayaziwa. bavela ukukhanya e Thessaloniki (iSalonika). Nangona isixeko saseMakedoni.

Ubutsha nobudoda

Methodius, nangona kunqabile oku kukhankanywe iincwadi zembali, ndaye emkhosini. Ngaphezu koko, kwiminyaka engama-10 yena umphathi kwindawo ethile (mhlawumbi Slavic), yaye emva koko washiya ezintlwini amajoni waza waya weemonki Olympus, owayese-Asia Minor. Malunga 860, elahla igunya, waba umphathi woonongendi Polychrono, ibekwe kunxweme loLwandle Marmara.

Ngokungafaniyo Methodius, uCyril akuzange impilo yomzimba, kodwa eselula kakhulu wabonisa iimpawu engqondweni ezibukhali ngokungaqhelekanga. Michael-Methodius babeye ukukhusela womntakwethu wakhe oyintanda omncinane, ngubani na ngokufanelekileyo ukuma up ngokwabo. Brothers yaye uya kuhlala ndawonye bonke ubomi babo.

Cyril iminyaka nje 14 intsha kakade izityhilelo ladla Grigoriya Bogoslova. Inkwenkwe wawurhola ziqwalaselwe nguMlawuli uMichael III, emva kokuba asiwe enkundleni njengoko umhlobo isifundo unyana wakhe. Phantsi kwesikhokelo uPhotius, usolusapho odumileyo kamva, kwakunye nezinye njengabacebisi anamava kakhulu, amakhwenkwe bafunda iimfihlelo yegrama engathi, ngengqiqo, ngeenkwenkwezi kunye nezinye izifundo zesayensi.

"Ubomi" uCyril ungqina ukuba wezakwalizwi wayesazi malunga neshumi elinesibini lweelwimi ezininzi eqhelekileyo ngoku. Wayinikela izikhundla lenkundla, akazange bawuvumele lo mtshato luncedo, wakhetha ukuba unolayibrari e Hagia uSophia. Kungekudala emva koko, uya ngasese woonongendi, yaye emva kokubuya kulo ufundisa sophistry kwiiyunivesithi. Kungelo xesha ke wavuka isiteketiso Philosopher, nto leyo eya kuhlala naye yonke imihla yakhe.

Yintoni eyaziwayo imvelaphi yazo?

Ukholo Constantine (uCyril) kangangokuba kakhulu ukuba kwiingxoxo zenzululwazi, yena usoloko wameyisa esikhova iconoclasts. Noko ke, uMlawuli uConstantine wathumela rhoqo sobulumko krele kwaye abanamava kwesa Saracens (Muslims), apho naye wazibonakalisa ibe lokuxoxa abanetalente, ngubani kwimbambano ubufundisi lula litshitshiswe utshaba kunye isixhobo yakhe.

Siyathemba ukuba ukukhumbula amagama abazalwana abangcwele, owadala oonobumba Slavic.

Qala ukusebenza kwi alphabet

Malunga 858, zithunyelwa i Khazars abazalwana. Lendela sevangeli Korsun wayeka ukuze nzulu ukufunda isiHebhere. Apho bafumana izinto ezingcwele uPope Clement. Ezinye zezi ngabazalwana nabo ukuba aqhubeke nohambo. Awu, kodwa ukuze impumelelo ebalulekileyo phakathi Khazars, abathi ubuYuda ngaphandle kokukhetha, abathunywa bevangeli zange baphumelele. Noko ke, nangoku malunga 200 Khazars babhaptizwe, bahlangulwe ekuthinjweni, amaGrike amaninzi. Methodius waya Polychronios, abe umphathi kwi woonongendi, uCyril wabuyela eConstantinople.

Kungenxa kule cwaka ezinye iiseli kunye kwase lokuqala ulwimi esibumbeneyo ebhaliweyo Slavic wadalwa: uCyril wathabatha njengesiseko yayo oonobumba endala lesiGrike, omnye ucazulule ezimbalwa kwaye yandisa. By the ukuthetha ngendlela, oonobumba ZesiGrike abolekwe baseFenike, kuphuhliswa ngayo ukususela ekuqaleni BC ngenkulungwane yesixhenxe. Ngenxa yoko, indalo le Slavic alphabet edityaniswe nethunga inguqu ulwimi zamaGrike.

Yintoni uCyril?

Kusenokwenzeka ukuba uCyril wookhokho bethu kule khosi iye yabhalwa ngokusekelwe "umtyholi kunye amanxeba." ulwazi oluchanekileyo into engekhoyo, kodwa ngenxa yokuba mbali kufuneka uma- kukhankanywa nje omnye imisebenzi koogxa bakhe, abo ulwazi oluninzi awukwazi ukunika. Noko ke, le ngxaki luyathandabuzeka kakhulu: ngxi phakathi Philologists kunye mbali iingxoxo shushu, njengoko Slavic ulwimi yamandulo ezibhaliweyo - indaba elukhuni, apho i "amabala amhlophe" kwi amawaka amaxesha ngaphezu izibakala ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi oluthembekileyo.

Kungenzeka, KIRILL - uMdali lenqaba alfabhethi ngohlobo olulo ngoku.

Nalezo and Glagolitic

Ukuba saqala ukuxoxa ingxaki le ukuvela Slavic Literature kwifomu ukuba uqhelene kuthi namhlanje, akunakwenzeka ukuba ukukhankanya ingxoxo ezibukhali shushu. Oku kwenzeka phakathi mbali, iingcali zeelwimi kunye zakudala, elide ngoku ukuba elishumi. Le ndaba kuphela nokudalwa Slavic alfabhethi hlobo, kodwa ingxoxo lunalo iinketho ezibe ukusetyenziswa kulo lonke yamandulo.

Okukhathazayo kukuba kuyo yonke iRussia yamandulo ngexesha elinye yaba Ukubolekisa zokubhala nje ezimbini: i Cyrillic eziqhelekileyo kunye Glagolitic, ubukho apho bambalwa bayazi namhlanje. Ngaba ngelo xesha ezinye, yamandulo Slavic alfabhethi? Nantoni na ingenzeka ... The ubunzima ekugqibeni nguwuphi na kubo kwakuyinjongo i - epheleleyo ukungabikho kobungqina ethembekileyo ngezakudala.

Ezinye izifundo lwenziwa zizazinzulu ezininzi Russian (ingakumbi ngenkulungwane ye-19), kodwa ke ngenxa yembali anzima kakhulu kwilizwe lethu walahlekelwa ngokupheleleyo iziphumo. Yinto eyaziwayo nje ukuba izazinzulu Tsarist Russia sikholwa ukuba ngabaqulunqe ezi oonobumba besiCyrillic ngco abazalwana KIRILL I Mefody. Ngokufutshane apha theses nangoku afumaneka kwi-akhayivu.

Yintoni alphabet wadala uCyril?

Izazinzulu alifikeleli kwisivumelwano malunga yintoni na ukuba uCyril: Glagolitic and Cyrillic? Qaphela ukuba iinkulungwane 10-11 ngoonobumba besiCyrillic, babelapho nje 43: 25 yabo - ukuba abolekwe oonobumba endala zamaGrike. Kunokuthiwa ukuba eliseleyo weza evela kwindawo enye, kodwa iguqulwe kakhulu, ngoncedo lwabo oko kunokwenzeka ukuze adlulisele izandi ivamile intetho Slavic. Kwaye luphawulwa nokudalwa Slavic alfabhethi nangona imvelaphi sokwenziwa koonobumba ezininzi, lisekelwe ngolwimi mandulo, ebinezinto isasazwe ehlabathini mandulo.

Le lineenkcukacha zobhalo lokuqala

Ngomhla emanxuweni ibandla e Pereslavl bakaSimon (Bulgaria) kukho iimpawu ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yesithoba. Ukususela series efanayo - ukurekhoda evela Dobrogea ukususela 943 ngonyaka. Esidulini ukususela kwinkulungwane yeshumi, umphanda "goruhsha" kwafunyanwa umbhalo. Kukho kwakhona i Novgorod iincwadi ezinde amaxolo lwe ngenkulungwane ye-11. Umntu owaziyo ukuba izatifikethi emininzi enjalo, ezibhaliweyo ngam ngaphambili, nje wabatshabalalisa ixesha. Okokugqibela, i eyaziwa kakuhle "Ostrom yeVangeli", ebhaliweyo phakathi kweminyaka 1056-1057 (ukusuka Novgorod).

Apho wangena zamagama besiCyrillic?

Nangona izifundo ezininzi, izazinzulu azikhange zikwazi ukufumana phandle apho oku kubhalwe apho kwaphela. Abaninzi babo bakholelwa ukuba nangoku wadala uCyril, njengoko ubungqina ngaphezulu okanye ngaphantsi eyodwa imvelaphi yawo yamandulo apho. Abanye, Noko ke, bakholelwa ukuba KIRILL badalwa Glagolitic kuphela Cyrillic alphabet Slavic yavela kwenye Bulgaria yamandulo.

Ingqikelelo yokugqibela ayikho ngqiqweni. Inyaniso yeyoba, e-864-865, i Bulgarians esamkelwa ubuKristu, yaye ngoko nangoko wathumela Kliment Ohridski, owayengomnye wabafundi abaninzi abadumileyo abanamakhono abaqeqeshelwe Saints KIRILL I Mefody. Kwakhona waba ngowokuqala benemfundo lowo wathabatha ezinegunya eliphezulu onjani.

into sayo abanye abaphandi bakholelwa umbhekisi phambili oonobumba Cyrillic. Ukanti uninzi mbali, osiyazi neenkokeli zecawa ingqalelo le noMdali uConstantine Philosopher, oko kukuthi, yaseSt Cyril. Lo mbono ke ngokucokisekileyo kakhulu, njengoko uninzi magama, iincwadi nefonetiki ulwimi lwethu kubolekwe namaGrike. Akukho nto ayimangalisi kuloo nto, ukuba wazalwa eMakedoni kwaye eneneni likwazile nokumisa ulwazi ngeendidi zeelwimi Slavic, uze emva koko ngokusekelwe kule nkcazelo ukuze baphumeze nokudalwa Slavic alfabhethi, nto leyo exabiseke ngokwenene kuthi.

Imibono malunga nemvelaphi Glagolitic

Glagolitic izazinzulu ezininzi kuthathwa njengohlobo lwe-alfabhethi Latin, njengoko ifana kakhulu nefonetiki kunye nexabiso iileta. Umahluko thile uhlobo intsonkothe ngaphezulu le yokugqibela. Mhlawumbi le ndlela umkhondo evela ulwimi umSamariya. Kwiinkulungwane 10-11, oko inxaxheba wasebenzisa Moravians, kwelaseDalmati, yaye Bulgaria ngokwayo Glagolitic kusetyenziswa ngenkuthalo. Yintoni sithethe iCroatia, lo oonobumba kusetyenziswa de ngenkulungwane ye-18! Ke ukuba iirekhodi endala kwathiwa, oko wafaka, efikayo engqondweni Zograph ezilungileyo esekwe kwenkulungwane ye-10 emva kwexesha.

Ukuba ngokufunisela malunga ngemvelaphi oonobumba Cyrillic lisekhona, yonke le mibono malunga ngemvelaphi oonobumba Glagolitic isekelwe kuphela ulwazi kunye nokucingela, njengoko kungekho ubungqina obubhaliweyo bokuba wayeza kukwazi ukuqinisekisa okanye ukuphika theory ubuncinane enye. Kungenzeka, imbali ye-Slavic alphabet kwaqala kudala ngaphambi kwenkulungwane ye-10, kodwa okoko nje olu hlobo theory unsubstantiated.

Lidla iqela elikhulu wenzululwazi, ebandakanya I.Teylor, I. V. Yagich kunye nabanye, walwela ukufa: le alfabhethi yayisekelwe zonke enye ngokususela baseByzantium Cyril yokuqhagamshela izixhobo indlela! Abaphandi zasekhaya efanayo kwixesha pre-revolution (A. I. Sobolevsky, I. I. Sreznevsky, E. F. Karsky) yakhuthaza ingcamango yokuba Glagolitic asuka Moravia ngenkulungwane X, apho ngenkuthalo ngokutyalwa abafundi ukuyo KIRILL. Eli qela akazange afikelele kwisivumelwano malunga umdali wayo; kodwa ukusasazeka ndawo ngokuqinisekileyo niqashele.

Ingxelo yokugqibela isekelwe kwinto yokuba iBandla lamaKatolika usungule ku xanisiwa ka Glagolitic waba Moravia, ngaphezu apho ke kusetyenziswa ixesha elide. Loo ntshutshiso waqalisa ngenxa yokuba i-ABC ezintsha zathi zavela yayifana baseByzantium, leyo iphosa intandabuzo phezu "mandulo" samaKatolika. Njengoko ubona, imbali ye-alfabhethi Slavic inzima kakhulu yaye bedidekile.

Ezinye izazinzulu bonke wathetha egameni yokuba oonobumba Glagolitic - ukuba ezinye, njengokuba uhlobo oluthile "icryptographic"-alfabhethi Cyrillic. Ngeli xesha yiSoviet yaba uguqulelo yenkohlakalo (ubukhulu becala ngenxa yezizathu zezopolitiko) ukuba oonobumba Glagolitic - Slavic ulwimi olubhaliweyo yamandulo, ngokusekelwe apho (ngokundibamba isiGrike) kunye oonobumba besiCyrillic zadalwa. Ngoko ke, oosonzululwazi Soviet kucingelwa ukuba KIRILL I Mefody (iifoto imifanekiso yabo kwinqaku lethu) kuphela ukuba baguquka uguqulelo yokubhala. Uphando lwakutshanje lubonisa ukuba oku ngokucacileyo akunjalo.

usebenzisa amagama

Kude kube kwenkulungwane ye-12, izinto zokubhala emibini lonke. Kodwa ngenxa yokuba oonobumba Cyrillic kwaba lula kakhulu ukuba bamakishe, kungekudala indawo i "alwayo". Nantoni na, kodwa namhlanje ngeelwimi ezingaphezu kwama-70 ehlabathini lonke yakhelwe ngokusekelwe kwamamdla uCyril kaThixo. Noko ke, kwezinye kubo (kuquka in Russian) anokubonwa imikhondo Glagolitic.

Izazinzulu abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba yokugqibela wafa ngaphandle enziwe. Bathi ukuba ngabom lakuphelisa bemeko- lenqaba alfabhethi, batshabalalisa iincwadi ezibhaliweyo kuyo. Kungenzeka, akunjalo. Khawukhangele nje imibhalo yamandulo ezibhaliweyo nangesiCyrillic kunye Glagolitic. Kwimeko yokuqala, phantse naliphi na ilungu abantu baseMpumalanga ziya kuba nako ukuqonda ngokulula ubuncinane amanye amagama, nokuba oonobumba Church Slavonic (ngeendlela ezininzi imele enye iye isetyenziswe xa bebhala ulwimi isiGrike).

Kwimeko apho Glagolitic kukhuselekile ukuba zonke izifundo bengayiboni ileta eyodwa: isimbo kunye uphawu phezulu kwe zakhiwo oko kwenzeke ukuba baqonde. Ngamafutshane, ngokuqinisekileyo woyiswa nje ngenxa ukuntsonkotha yamanqaku. Simiso, into enye, kwaye ithi nenguqulelo esemthethweni.

Mhlawumbi Methodius - umdali lenqaba alfabhethi kule modeli? Kungenzeka, akunjalo. Memoirs ababephila bathi ukwenza entsha (nokuba isekelwe kwi-Greek) ayikwazanga KIRILL kuphela. Methodius waba ngumququzeleli omkhulu, kodwa ngaphandle umzalwana wakhe wayeza kuba akunakwenzeka ukuba babe nako ukwenza into efana naleyo.

Ziziphi iincwadi ziye zaguqulelwa umbhalo omtsha?

Nabani wadala Cyrillic kunye Glagolitic, injongo yayo ephambili kufuneka ukuba imfundo kunye nonyango ngokwaselukholweni enye yobu bonke abantu baseMpumalanga. Ngenye indlela, Saints KIRILL I Mefody eliguqulelwe ngokuthi kuqala-Aprakos yeVangeli, uMpostile-Aprakos, Psalter. Kungenzeka ke atshintshelwe oonobumba besiCyrillic kunye Paremiynik.

Njengoko sinokungqinelwa "The Life", KIRILL waqalisa inguqulelo yeZibhalo Ezingcwele njengoko Bulgarian Old. Ngokubanzi, yonke ilula: nawuphi na umbingeleli bakhanyiselwa "emhlabeni" wafuna ngokuyintloko kuguqula yokubhala ecacileyo nefikelelekayo, kuqala kwiinto zonke, iincwadi ezingcwele, ukuba ukholo ifikeleleke ngakumbi. Phela, Church Slavonic alphabet okhankanywe ngentla ngokuqinisekileyo akukho ngokunxulumene abazalwana, njengoko yasekwa ngokucacileyo emabandleni Slavic.

Inguqu kokubhalwa besiCyrillic kunye nentetho

Abanye abantu "unesiphiwo" badla bathi ulwimi Russian ayitshintshanga kangangamakhulu eminyaka, kwaye ngoku zamntu egqwethekileyo baphanga. Kakade ke, ukunyuka okukhulu kwenani amagama IsiNgesi leyo bahluke ifane ngolwimi lwethu, ayisiso isenzeko elungileyo.

Kodwa nantsi ibinzana wathi malunga ngenkulungwane ye-10 (e ukhutshelo mihla, Kakade): "Le Russian Zelma sele ngenxa shelomyanem wena." Ngaba uyayiqonda? Ingaba ukuba ukuhlanganiswa 'umhlaba Russian ". Ngelo xesha, kwesi sicatshulwa ngayo ichaza oku kulandelayo: "Umhlaba Russian yanyamalala phezu kwenduli", "ilizwe Russian unyamalale, ngokungathi wambu ntloko." Enyanisweni, ookhokho bethu akunjalo kudala, ngaphambi nje kokuba uPetros mna, wathetha ulwimi ukuba siqonde namhlanje kuphela nzima. Xa usongeza koku nento yokuba iileta ezininzi endala be-alfabhethi Slavic akanawo noshicilelo ibe zale mihla!

Kwaye konke oku kungenxa yokuba ulwimi Russian silungiswe ngokugqibeleleyo, utshintsha ngokukhawuleza phantsi kweempembelelo iimeko, kodwa umgangatho kunye neendlela ezicacileyo zonxibelelwano ngomlomo olubhaliweyo. Noko ke, malunga Kunjalo malunga nokuthiywa, leyo ngoku enxibelelana abantu ubuncinane abathathu ukuya kwizigidi ezine ehlabathini lonke.

iziphumo

Khumbula ukuba ukungakwazi kulwimi noncwadi okutsala ukufunxa amagama amatsha nesigama kungqina ukuba ukufa kwakhe. Latin namhlanje uthi ngaphezu kwesigidi oogqirha, zebhayoloji kunye namagqwetha, kodwa yena ufile. Yena ayitshintshi, aliveli imithetho emitsha.

Nabani na bemeko- lenqaba alfabhethi, ngabo - inkqubo yokubhala brilliant, unobumba ngamnye apho ekuqaleni wathwala ingqiqo ezininzi, ukuba ulwandlalo elula necacileyo. Ngaphezu koko, lo mbhalo Kumi uvavanyo kweenkulungwane, ngoku ngokukhutheleyo iyatshintsha nokuqhubeka ukuba ingasetyenziswa njengesixhobo yonxibelelwano izigidi zabantu ehlabathini lonke.

UPawulos, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuba KIRILL I Mefody - hayi nje amagama abazalwana abangcwele, owadala Slavic alfabhethi, kodwa amagama iinkcuba abadumileyo abakwaziyo ngenene yokuhlanganisa abantu baseMpumalanga, lubanike inkqubo yokubhala eqhelekileyo.