Le nkqubo Westphalian. Kokuwa kwenkqubo Westphalian kwaye ukuyilwa izwe elitsha

inkqubo Westphalian - nenkqubo ihambo-nkqubo yamazwe ngamazwe, eyasekwa ngo-Europe ngenkulungwane XVII. Yabeka iziseko ubudlelwane mihla phakathi kwamazwe amabini wanika yokukhawulezisa ukuyilwa omtsha kumazwe abo.

War IMVELAPHI Years '

ulongamo Westphalian kwamiswa ngenxa Years War 1618-1648 gg., Ngexesha abatshabalalisa isiseko komyalelo yehlabathi yangaphambili. Kweli dabi oko wahlaba phantse onke amazwe aseYurophu, kodwa zisekelwe longquzulwano phakathi ngamaProtestanti ngookumkani yamaKatolika waseJamani oyiNgcwele bonke uBukhosi baseRoma, zixhaswa yi kwenye inxalenye abathetheli German. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVI, ukuhlangabezana amasebe Austrian neSpanishi zeNdlu Habsburg wadala imiqathango ukuze kubuyiselwe kombuso ka Charles V. Kodwa sisithintelo kokuzimela eenkosi German obuProtestanti evunyiweyo ihlabathi Ausburgskim. Ngowe-1608 ngookumkani wadala iyuniyoni lamaProtestanti, exhaswa iBritani neFransi. Ngokwahlukileyo kuye ngo-1609 yamaKatolika League wadalwa - njengehlakani Spain kunye Pope.

Ikhosi kwemfazwe 1618-1648 gg.

Emva kokuba Habsburgs ukomeleza nempembelelo eCzech Republic, nto leyo eneneni ekhokelela ukunyhashwa kwamalungelo obuProtestante luchaphazelekayo luqhankqalazo lizwe. Friedrich Palatinate - ngenkxaso kweManyano yokumkani omtsha zamaProtestanti wonyulwa kweli lizwe. Ukususela ngalo mzuzu iqala kwixesha lokuqala imfazwe - Czech. Lubonakala ngokoyiswa yomkhosi yamaProtestanti, kohluthwa amazwe ukumkani, utshintsho phantsi kwegunya Upper Palatinate eBavaria, kwakunye ngokubuyiselwa ubuKatolika kweli lizwe.

kwethuba lesibini - Danish, nto leyo luphawulwa ngoncedo lwamazwe angabamelwane apha ekuhambeni impi. Denmark kuqala waya emfazweni ukuze bambambe unxweme lweBaltic. Ngeli xesha, umkhosi anti-Habsburg angalawuliyo ubunzima bazoyise ebonakalayo yamaKatolika League, kwaye Denmark banyanzeleka ukuba lirhoxe kule mfazwe. Ngenxa ngokuhlaselwa Germany imikhosi Swedish Gustavian emantla iqala phulo. utshintsho olukhulu iqala kwi yokugqibela - i Franco-Swedish.

Uxolo LwaseWestphalia

Emva France wangena imfazwe, inzuzo le manyano ongumProtestanti kwabonakala, oku kuye kwakhokelela imfuneko yokufuna kwizibhambathiso phakathi kwamaqela. Ngowe-1648 ukuba wasayina Uxolo LwaseWestphalia, olu sapho lwaluquka izivumelwano ezimbini, ukulungiswa endaweni Congress of sasayinwa kunye sasayinwa. Wachaza ukulingana entsha igunya ehlabathini kwaye mazigunyaziswe sokonakalisa oyiNgcwele Emphaya yamaRoma ibe geqe (ngaphezu kwama-300).

Ukongeza, ukususela Uxolo uhlobo LwaseWestphalia esisiseko umbutho wezopolitiko oluntu iba "likarhulumente - uhlanga", yaye lo mgaqo lubalaseleyo yobudlelwane kwinqanaba lamazwe - ulongamo kumazwe. Inkalo zonqulo yesivumelwano kwakujongwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: eJamani kwakukho amalungelo alinganayo bakaCalvin, amaLuthere namaKatolika.

yobukhosi Westphalian

imigaqo yalo engundoqo baye vvyglyadet kangaka:

1. Le fom lombutho nopolitiko loluntu - karhulumente wesizwe.

2. ukungalingani neAfrika nezikhundla ecacileyo amagunya - ukusuka enamandla ukuya ngokuncipha.

3. Eyona Umgaqo yonxulumano ehlabathini - ulongamo isizwe ithi.

4. Inkqubo lwesilinganiso yezopolitiko.

5. Urhulumente ubophelelekile ukuba uwugudise iingxabano noqoqosho phakathi kwizifundo zakhe.

6. Non-uphazamiseko kwimicimbi yangaphakathi lwamazwe omnye komnye.

7. ecacileyo intlangano imida ezinzile phakathi kwamazwe aseYurophu.

8. I-non-jikelele endalweni. Ekuqaleni, imithetho abaseke inkqubo Westphalian, esebenza kuphela kummandla Europe. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, zangamawele, zithabathela yi eMpuma Yurophu, Intshona Melika kunye lweMeditera.

Inkqubo entsha yobudlelwane bezizwe kwangenisa jikelele kunye nokuhlanganiswa kwenkcubeko, ephawulwe ukuphela bodwa ithi ngamnye. Ngaphezu koko, oko kukhokelele ukusekwa uphuhliso olukhawulezayo capitalism eYurophu.

Ukuphuhliswa kwenkqubo Westphalian. isigaba 1

Ngokucacileyo usukela multipolarity kwenkqubo Westphalian, apho namnye uthi ayikwazanga ukufikelela kubungangamsha ngokupheleleyo, yaye umzabalazo ephambili ngenxa yenzuzo kwezopolitiko yaliwa phakathi eFransi, eNgilani nase-Netherlands.
Ngexesha lokulawula "Ilanga King" uLouis XIV, France iza kuqinisa namazwe angaphandle. It waphawulwa yi injongo ukufumana imihlaba emitsha kwaye uphazamiseko rhoqo kwimicimbi kumazwe angabamelwane.

Ngowe-1688, ebizwa ngokuba yi-Grand Alliance, indawo engundoqo apho ahlala eNetherlands yaye yasekwa eNgilani. Le manyano ngqo imisebenzi yayo ukunciphisa impembelelo France ehlabathini. Emva kwethutyana eNetherlands kunye eNgilani, anamathele ngamanye abachasi uLouis XIV - Savoie, Spain naseSweden. Bona wadala Augsburg League. Ngenxa yoko yeemfazwe, ke labuyiselwa omnye imigaqo engundoqo, elavakaliswa inkqubo Westphalian - intsalela ngamandla wezangaphandle.

Nasekusungulweni kwale nkqubo Westphalian. isigaba 2

Kukho nempembelelo elikhulayo Prussia. Eli lizwe ise entliziyweni Europe, waba umzabalazo ukuyidibanisa nemimandla German. Ukuba izicwangciso Prussia kube yinto ebonakalayo neyinyani, oku kujongela iziseko apho baphumla ulongamo Westphalian. Xa liphulo Prussia zaye wabangela kwaye War kweminyaka esixhenxe leyo yelifa Austria. Zombini ukuxabana le aye ayenza yahexa imigaqo yommiselo zoxolo, elasekwa emva kokuphela kweMfazwe Yeminyaka Engamashumi.
Ngaphandle ekomelezeni Prussia, iRussia anda indima ehlabathini. Oku kuboniswa imfazwe Russian-Swedish.

Ngokubanzi, ixesha elitsha apho inkqubo Westphalian engenise ekupheleni kweMfazwe kweminyaka esixhenxe 'luqala.

Isigaba sesithathu zempilo kwenkqubo Westphalian

ukuyilwa ithi yesizwe luqala emva Enkulu French Revolution. Ngeli xesha, urhulumente ke usisiqinisekiso amalungelo abemi bayo, oko yathi ingcamango "ulwamkeleko lezopolitiko". main ithisisi Its kukuba zesizwe lizwe unelungelo lokuba ikhona kuphela kwimeko apho imida yayo kudibana imimandla uhlanga.

Emva kokuphela Napoleonic iimfazwe, i-Congress of Vienna ngo-1815 okokuqala wathetha ngemfuneko yokuphelisa ubukhoboka, ukongeza, imiba enxulumene angabunyamezeli yonqulo inkululeko.

Ngelo xesha kukho umgaqo sokonakala; igqiba ukuba izinto abemi karhulumente - lo iingxaki nje yangaphakathi lizwe. Oku kwaboniswa kwiNkomfa eBerlin kweAfrika kunye neenkongolo e Brussels, eGeneva kunye The Hague.

Versailles-Washington inkqubo yobudlelwane bezizwe

Le nkqubo iye yasekwa emva leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi kunye nokuhlelwa ngokutsha imikhosi kwiqonga lelizwe jikelele. Isiseko komyalelo elitsha ihlabathi sesenze izivumelwano waqukumbela ngenxa ye eParis kunye Washington iingqungquthela. NgoJanuwari 1919, ukuqala umsebenzi wayo iNkomfa Paris. Isiseko iintetho phakathi US, France, iBritani, Italy kunye Japan bakukhutshelwa "amanqaku 14" uWoodrow Wilson. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba yinxalenye yenkqubo Versailles wadalwa phantsi kwempembelelo iinjongo zopolitiko emkhosini-qhinga abaphumelele kaRhulumente kwi-World lokuqala. Ngelo xesha ngoyaba iimfuno kumazwe batsho abo nje wabonakala kwimephu kwezopolitiko zehlabathi (Finland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Poland, eCzechoslovakia, njalo njalo). Inani zivumelwano wagunyaziswa yi sokonakalisa emphaya Austria-Hungarian, Russian, isiJamani kunye Ottoman, yaye ibeka isikhokelo komyalelo elitsha ihlabathi.

Conference Washington

Versailles Act kunye nezivumelwano kunye eJamani, Amanyeneyo ikakhulukazi ezinxulumene kumazwe aseYurophu. Ngowe-1921-1922, wasebenza njengoko le Washington Conference, leyo isonjululwe ingxaki yeendawo zokuhlala kwiMpuma Ekude post-imfazwe. indima ebalulekileyo kumsebenzi wale Congress wayedlala US kunye Japan, kwakunye ithathele ingqalelo iimfuno England France. Kule nkomfa, satyikitya inani zezivumelwano ezichaza isiseko esezantsi Far Eastern. Ezi zenzo wamisela ukuba inxalenye yesibini komyalelo elitsha ihlabathi phantsi igama Washington indlela yonxulumano ngamazwe.

Eyona njongo ephambili yale eUnited States "ucango oluvulekileyo" Japan kunye neTshayina. Bephumelela ngethuba lokuqhubeka kwenkomfa lokuphelisa nya manyano zaseBritani kunye Japan. Ngenxa ekupheleni Washington Congress yaphela isigaba ukuyilwa izwe elitsha. Ukuba amaziko amandla, onako ukuphuhlisa inkqubo izinzile yonxulumano.

siseko kunye neempawu yobudlelwane bezizwe Basic

1. Ukomeleza kubunkokheli be-US, iBritani France kwiqonga lamazwe ngamazwe kunye nocalucalulo eJamani, eRashiya, Turkey, Bulgaria. Ukunganeliseki sisiphumo imfazwe, amazwe noloyiso ngamnye. Oku kwangaphambili ithuba ukuziphindezela.

2. Ukususwa US nkqubo yaseYurophu. Enyanisweni, ikhosi ye-self-wedwa lwabhengezwa emva yokusilela kwenkqubo B. Wilson "amanqaku 14".

3. Inguqu European US unetyala ithi kwi umbolekisi engundoqo. Ecace degree of ukuxhomekeka amanye amazwe ezivela eUnited States kwabonisa izicwangciso Dawes and Young.

4. Ukusekwa uManyano Lwezizwe ngowe-1919, nto leyo yaba sisixhobo ngempumelelo ukuxhasa inkqubo Versailles-Washington. Abaseki bayo kuzisukela izithakazelo zabo nobudlelwane ngamazwe (i-United Kingdom kunye neFransi baye bazama ukukhusela ngokwabo kwindawo evelele kwezopolitiko kwihlabathi). Ngokubanzi, uManyano Lwezizwe kwakungekho ndlela esweni ukuphunyezwa izigqibo zayo.

5. Versailles indlela yonxulumano ngezizwe ezikumila lwehlabathi.

Le ntlekele nokudilizwa yayo

Intlekele eyehlele i-esezantsi Washington wavela sele 20, kwaye kudalwe yi-nkqubo ngxwaba eJapan ukuya China. Ekuqaleni nenani-30 ukuba wathinjwa naseManchuria, leyo wadalwa yi le phaphethi kaRhulumente. I League of Nations wasigweba ndlongo yaseJapan, yaye le nto iphumileyo lo mbutho.

Intlekele eyehlele i-nkqubo Versailles iye kwangaphambili nokomelezwa Italy kunye iJamani, ukuba abasemagunyeni apho kwafika fascists kunye amaNazi. Ukuphuhliswa kwenkqubo yobudlelwane bezizwe kwi 30 abonisa ukuba le nkqubo yokhuseleko yakhelwe ijikeleze uManyano Lwezizwe, ukuba angabi ngokupheleleyo.

iziphumo ezithile ntlekele yaba ke Anschluss of Austria ngoMatshi 1938 yaye yesiVumelwano Munich ngoSeptemba kunyaka omnye. Ukususela ngelo xesha baqala ukuwa chain reaction le nkqubo. 1939 lwabonisa ukuba umgaqo-nkqubo njengombingelelo nguye angabi ngokupheleleyo.

Versailles-Washington inkqubo yobudlelwane bezizwe, leyo iintsilelo ezininzi kwaye ingazinzi ngokupheleleyo, wawa kuqhamko yeSibini kwiMfazwe yeHlabathi.

Inkqubo ubudlelwane phakathi kwamazwe kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane XX

Isisekelo komyalelo elitsha kwihlabathi emva kwemfazwe 1939-1945 ziqulunqwe i Yalta kunye Potsdam neenkomfa. Le nkongolo wathabatha iinkokheli anti-uHitler kumazwe zokusebenzisana: Stalin, Churchill kunye Roosevelt (kamva Truman).
Ngokubanzi, inkqubo Yalta-Potsdam yobudlelwane bezizwe luphawulwa bipolarity, njengoko indawo phambili ahlala i-US kunye USSR. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni kusekwe kwamaziko ethile amandla leyo ibe nefuthe uhlobo kwenkqubo ngamazwe.

Inkomfa Yalta

Abathathi zeNkomfa Yalta, injongo yayo ephambili kutshabalalisa ubumfazwe German kunye nokudalwa iziqinisekiso yoxolo, njengoko iingxoxo zaye zabanjwa kwiimeko emfazwe. Kule nkongolo elisekwe imida emitsha ye-USSR (umgca Curzon) kunye Poland. Kukho ziye zasasazwa izowuni umsebenzi eJamani, phakathi kwamazwe olwa-Hitler womanyano. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni eli lizwe kule minyaka-45 ibe iinxalenye ezimbini - West kunye East Jamani. Ukongeza, kukho icandelo iinkalo nempembelelo kummandla Balkan. Greece yaba phantsi kolawulo eNgilani, urhulumente wamaKomanisi I. B. Tito yasekwa eYugoslavia.

Inkomfa Potsdam

Kule nkongolo, kwagqitywa ekubeni kwi ekade kunye nokwabela abaphantsi yaseJamani. Basekhaya nkqubo angaphandle phantsi kolawulo lweBhodi, sakhiwa abathetheli ithi-abaphumeleleyo ezine emfazweni. Potsdam indlela yonxulumano ngamazwe esekelwe kwimithetho-siseko omtsha wentsebenziswano phakathi kwamazwe aseYurophu. IBhunga laBaphathiswa of Foreign Affairs yamiselwa. Isiphumo ephambili Congress befuna emuva Japan.

Imigaqo kunye neempawu kwinkqubo entsha

1. bipolarity ngokohlobo izidubedube zezopolitiko kwezopolitiko phakathi "ihlabathi free" ekhokelwa yi-United States kunye namazwe yali.

2. impikiswano. inkcaso ngendlela lamazwe eziphambili kwezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho, emkhosini nakwezinye iinkalo. Le ngxabano leza intloko ngexesha Cold War.

3. I-Yalta indlela yonxulumano ngamazwe wayengenayo ngendlela ethile ngokusemthethweni.

4. Order New kwasekwa ngexesha kunyebeleziso izixhobo zenyukliya. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni ukuyilwa ngendlela zokhuseleko. Kwakukho ingqiqo zokuthintela inyukliya ngokusekelwe kukoyika imfazwe entsha.

5. nokudalwa UN, apho isigqibo yayisekelwe kwaye zonke Yalta-Potsdam indlela yonxulumano ngamazwe. Kodwa kwixesha post-imfazwe, lo mbutho ekuthinteleni yongquzulwano ngezixhobo phakathi eUnited States eSoviet Union kwi kumanqanaba zehlabathi nezemimandla.

iziphumo

Kule mihla, kukho iinkqubo eziliqela yobudlelwane bezizwe. Inkqubo Westphalian yaba kakuhle kakhulu ezinozinzo. iinkqubo ezilandelayo baba impikiswano, nto leyo echaza ukubola yabo ekhawulezileyo. Inkqubo yanamhlanje yobudlelwane bezizwe zisekelwe kumgaqo ukulingana kwamandla, esisisiphumo kwenxaxheba zokhuseleko ngamnye onke amazwe.