Amanani aseArabhu. Imvelaphi, intsingiselo

Izibalo ze-Arabhu ziyimpawu ezilishumi zeemathematika, ezenziwa ngazo naziphi na iinombolo. Zibukeka ngale ndlela: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. La manani avela eYurophu kwii-X-XIII iinkulungwane. Namhlanje amazwe amaninzi asebenzisa amanani ase-Arabhu ukubhala iinombolo ezisetyenziswe kwinkqubo yokugqibela . Imvelaphi yeenombolo zesiArabhu ayisaziwa ngokuqinisekileyo. Abanye abaphengululi bakholelwa ukuba abemi baseArabhu beza kuthiwa bevela eIndiya ngekhulu lesihlanu AD, kodwa babeshunyayelwa ngokubanzi kumfundi owaziwayo waseArabhu u-Al-Khwarizmi, owamxhaphaza kakhulu. Usosayensi odumileyo kwihlabathi lonke wayengumbhali we-Treaty "Kitab al-dzhairr wa-al-mukabala." Kuvela kwisihloko salokhu kulandelwa ukuba igama elithi "algebra" liye lavela, elingaba nje lixesha kuphela, kodwa isayensi ngaphandle kokuba akunakwenzeka ukucinga ubomi bethu.

Amanani ase-Arabhu ayakwazisa abahlali bamazwe aseMuslim kwaye aphuculwe yizinzulu. Phantse iikholeji ezintlanu, la manani asetyenziswa kakhulu ngamaArabhu. Ngoncedo lwabo, izazinzulu zangexesha elide zakwazi ukuphumelela ngokuphumelelayo kwi-algebra, izibalo kunye nezinye i- sayensi ezichanekileyo, ngoxa iYurophu yayingene ekungazini nasekugqibeleni.

Imvelaphi yeenombolo zamaArabhu eYurophu ngenxa yokuba kwintsimi yeSpeyin yamabini amazwe ahlanganisene uxolo - i-Christian County county kunye ne-Muslim Cordoba Caliphate. USyvester II, owayengumkhokeli weCawa yamaKristu ukususela ngo-999 ukuya ku-1003, wayeyindoda engafundanga ngokungaqhelekanga kunye nososayensi obalaseleyo. Wakwazi ukuvula iiYurophu iimpumelelo zeArabhu kwi-astronomy and mathematics. Nokuba nje i-monk elula, wafumana ukufikelela kwiincwadi zesi-Arabhu kunye nokuphathwa. U-Sylvester II wagxininisa ekusebenziseni ukusetyenziswa kweenombolo zesiArabhu waza waqala ukuzisasaza eYurophu. Le ndoda engaqhelekanga yakhawuleza ingqalelo kwiintlobo ezibalulekileyo ezibalawuli beArabhu ezingaphezu kwamanani aseRoma ayenziwa kakhulu ngaloo mihla eYurophu.

Abahlali ngokukhawuleza baseYurophu baxabisa ubunzima bezesayensi bale nkcazelo. Kuthatha iminyaka emithathu, ukwenzela ukuba la manani asebenzise kwaye aphumelele ukuqonda. Kodwa emva kokuba amanani ase-Arab athathe indawo yawo eYurophu ephakathi, i-Renaissance yaqala. Siyabulela ukuqaliswa kweenombolo zesiArabhu, izibalo kunye ne-physics, i-astronomy kunye ne-geography yaqala ukuphuhliswa. Inzululwazi yaseYurophu iye yafumana impembelelo embi ekuqhubekeni kwayo phambili.

Kutheni amaxabiso aseArabhu analo uphawu olunjalo? Kukho ingcinga yokuba zenziwe ngamacandelo emigca echanekileyo, kwaye inani leengalo lifana nenani ngokwalo. Ngokomzekelo, i-zero ayikho i-angles, ngokubhalwa komzobo we-number 1-enye yekona, 2-iqulethe iimbalo ezimbini, njl. Ngethuba lexesha, iikona zihlanjululwa kwaye amanani afumane ifomu eyaziwayo ngoku. Oku, kunjalo, yinto ekhangayo, kodwa ayiyona inyaniso.

Ngombuzo wohlobo luni lwabantu abaza kunye nama-Arab, akulula ukuphendula. Iingcali zenzululwazi zithandekile kwiinguqulelo, ngokuqinisekileyo, ukubhala kwabo kwafika kumaArabhu avela eIndiya, apho okubhalwe ngokugqithisileyo kufana ncamana namanani anamhlanje. Kwakuyimibhalo yamaNdiya, ihlanganiswe kwii-V-IX zeenkulungwane, ukuba izazinzulu zafumanisa iirekhodi ukuba ekubonakala kwazo zifana namanani anamhlanje.

Amanqaku aseNdiya aguqulela njani kwiArabhu? AmaArabhu emva kokuwa koBukumkani baseRoma kwiNkulungwane ye-BC. E. Ukuthengiswa kakhulu kunye neIndiya kwaye kunye neqhumiso, iziqholo kunye namatye anqabileyo, baletha amanani amasha awaziwayo njengeArabhu emva kokuba apheliswe kwaye aphakanyiswa ngama-Arabhu. Ngako oko, umbuzo wohlobo luni lwabantu abaza kunye nama-Arabhu luhlala luvulekile nanamhlanje.