Amandla amabini eRashiya (1917): itafile, izizathu kunye neziphumo

Inguqulelo kaFebruwari yatshintshela ngokupheleleyo intlalo yoluntu kunye nezopolitiko yembuso waseYurophu yangaphambili. Izakhiwo ezininzi zamandla zapheliswa, ukuguqulwa okunzulu kwezixhobo zesikhokelo ziqala. Ekuqaleni, onke amaxesha a khokela kwiindlela eziqhelekileyo zorhulumente. Umzekelo omhle ngowamandla angama-eRashiya ngo-1917. Izizathu kunye neziphumo zazo kufuneka zixoxwe ngokwahlukileyo.

Yintoni na?

Ngenxa yesiguqulelo, iRashiya yaqala ukulawula iiplani ezikhethekileyo, ezakhiwa nguRhulumente wexesha elizeleyo kunye neBhunga labaSebenzi beeMikhosi. Ngelo xesha, uRhulumente waquka abantu abalishumi: iiCadet ezine, ii-Octobris, ezimbini ze-Progressist kunye ne-Socialist Revolutionary Party, kunye nommeli omnye ovela kwiBhunga loMhlaba kunye nelinye ilungu elingenalo inxaxheba. Ukubunjwa kweBhunga kwakuquka ngokubanzi i-Socialist-Revolutionaries kunye neMensheviks. Bakholelwa ukuba umzimba wabo wawungakakulungeli ukulawula urhulumente, ngoko ke kufuneka uzigcinele ulawulo lwezenzo zikaRhulumente.

Ngoko, Amandla amabini eRashiya ngowama-1917 yinkqubo yokulawulwa karhulumente apho amandla ahlulwe phakathi kwamalungu amabini: uRhulumente wexesha elizeleyo kunye neBhunga labaSebenzi beeNtloko. Iingqikithi, icebo elinjalo ligxininisa ukulawula kunye nokukhusela "ukugqithisa" okunenzuzo kuphela kwiqela elithile lentlalo. Ngokwenza oko, yonke into ayiphumelelanga.

Izizathu

Ngendlela, kutheni kuvela amandla amabini eRussia ngo-1917? Izizathu zezi zinto zichanekile. Okokuqala, sasiye saqaphela ukuba onke amabutho ezopolitiko aseRashiya ngelo xesha ayefuna ukwazi iziphathamandla, kodwa abazange bakwazi ukuthetha phakathi kwabo ngokuqinisekileyo.

Ukongezelela, bekukho ukuphelelwa ukupheliswa kokuthwala uxanduva lwezenzo zabo. Ngaba akuyona imeko eqhelekileyo? Ngokomzekelo, akukho mntu unokuthatha isigqibo sokukhokela ilizwe ngaphandle kwemfazwe, nangona ithuba elide elide lide liqondwa ngamacandelo omphakathi. Ngoxa kwakukho amandla asemibini eRashiya ngo-1917, kwakungekho nto eyenziwa ukutshintshwa komhlaba kwangempela kubahlali, ababeye balinda ukususela ngo-1861. Ngokuqhelekileyo, konke oku kubeka abantu ngokuchasene noRhulumente wexesha elizeleyo kunye neBhunga.

Ubudlelwane phakathi kweBhunga kunye noRhulumente

KuRhulumente, ezimbini iingcamango zesimo sengqondo kwiBhunga loLuntu. Bobabini babesenjalo: kwimeko yokuqala, abaphathi babecinga ukuba akunakwenzeka ukwenza konke ukuvuma, okwesibini-ukuba kwakudingeka ukuba kuthathe kancane kancane onke amanyathelo okulawula. Kodwa ngokwenene kwakungenakwenzeka ukungawutyesheli iBhunga, kuba lithembele ekuxhaseni abantu abaxhobileyo.

Ngaloo ndlela, kwisibhengezo esamkelwe ngoMatshi 3, 1917, ukuxolelwa ngokupheleleyo kwepolitiko kwamkelwa kunye naye, inkululeko yoluntu kunye nokupheliswa kwesigwebo esiphezulu kwachithwa, ukuchithwa kweklasini kunye nokuhlulwa kweklasi kwakwenqatshelwe, kunye nokuhlanganiswa kweNdibano eQinisekisiweyo kwaziswa.

Iingqinisiso kwisibhengezo sikaMashi

Impazamo enkulu eyenziwa ngamandla amabini eRashiya ngowama-1917 kukuba amalungu aloo masipala olawulo awazange athi igama malunga nokupheliswa kwemfazwe engenangqiqo, okanye malunga nokuthunjwa kwelizwe labanikazi bezindlu. Ukongezelela, isimemezelo esithembisiwe seRiphabliki yenkululeko senzekile. Akuncinci, oku kubangelwa ukuba i- Rational Government isifise kuzo zonke iindleko ukugxila onke amandla karhulumente ezandleni zayo.

Yayiyintoni isakhiwo seburhulumenteni kwithuba lokuqala emva kokuguqulwa kukaFebhuwari?

Ekuqaleni, izixhobo zokulawula ezidala zagcinwa ngokupheleleyo. Endaweni yabarhulumente, ii-commissars ezithembekileyo zikaRhulumente zityalwe. Umthetho uhlale ufana. Amapolisa athatyathwa ngabantu basekuhlaleni. Ekuqaleni abantu babethemba uRhulumente oNgenisekileyo ngokuzithemba, njengoko abantu babekholelwa ukuba amalungu ayo ekugqibeleni aya kumisa imfazwe aze akhokele ilizwe ngaphandle kweengxaki.

Ngoko, amandla asemibini eRussia. Ngowe-1917 egcekeni, kweli lizwe ezininzi iingxaki zezenhlalakahle nezezoqoqosho ezingaphendulwanga. Izixhobo zokufumana isisombululo zifumaneke, phantse zonke iinkqubo zentlalo zilungele iziphathamandla ezintsha, kuba urhulumente wama-tsarist kwiminyaka yamuva akenzanga nto nangoko, ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngokukhawuleza ukuzisa ilizwe kwiinkathazo. Kodwa kutheni uMbuso oPhezulu aphumelelanga?

Iiphene zolawulo

Isisombululo senkxalabo ebalulekileyo kakhulu yelo lizwe lahlehliselwa kude kube sekudlulileyo, ukuya kwintlanganiso yeSigqeba esiManyeneyo. Ngako oko, akumangalisi ukuba ininzi yoluntu uRhulumente uphinde waba yintlondlo kunye nomnye. Ukuxhatshazwa kwanda, emva koko iintlungu zoRhulumente wexesha eliQekile zaqala.

Ngo-Apreli 18, i-PN Milyukov, owayengumphathiswa wamazwe angaphandle ngelo xesha, watsho kwisigidimi sakhe kwi-Allies ukuba iRashiya, naphezu kwayo yonke into, ihlose "ukulwa kuze kube sekupheleni." Abantu baphuma baya kubhikisha amawaka abantu, bengathandi ukuthumela abo bathandekayo kwimfazwe yonke enenzondo. UMilyukov kunye noMphathiswa wezoKhuseleko u-AI Guchkov baxoshwa ngokukhawuleza. Kakade ekuqaleni kukaMeyi, uRhulumente oLungiselelweyo uquke iiMensheviks ezininzi kunye neNtlalo-ntlalontle-Iingxoxo.

Urhulumente Wobumbano

Eli lixesha lolawulo lokubambisana, xa ilizwe lilawulwa yi-"capitalist 10" kunye "nezintandathu zentlalo". Nangona kunjalo, le ngxaki ayinakuyicombulula. Ngeemeko ezinjalo, izimo ezilungileyo kakhulu zenziwe ukuba abantu baxhase iBolshevism. NgoJuni 3, 1917 kwi-First All-Union Union yamaSoviets wenza uLenin VI, owayesebuyile ekuthinjweni ngelo xesha.

Uthe umbutho wakhe, ebona ukungcola kwelo lizwe, ulungele ukuthatha onke amandla ezandleni zakhe aze abuyisele umyalelo. Ngaloo ndlela, amandla asemibini eRussia ngo-1917 aqala ukulahlekelwa yonke inkxaso yonkcenkceshelo yoluntu. Umgaqo kaRhulumente kunye neBhunga alikholanga nantoni na.

Isikhokelo - ngokunyanzeliswa!

I-Mensheviks kunye ne-Socialist-Iimvolontiya zanzima kakhulu, kuba "zasebenzisana ne-bourgeoisi" kumntu woRhulumente wexesha eliqhelekileyo. Kwimeko yokusebenza, iBolsheviks inebaxhasi abaninzi. Iziganeko ezenzeka ngoJuni 18 zibonise oku ngokucacileyo. Ngaloo mini, iBhunga laceba isenzo ekuxhaseni uRhulumente oNgezelelweyo. AmaBolsheviks asabela ngokusongela ngokukhawuleza ngokukhawuleza, ebiza abasebenzi ukuba baye kwi-rally "rally".

KwaseSt. Petersburg yedwa, abantu abangaphantsi kwamahlanu amawaka baphuma ezitalatweni, "bazisa abantu" izivakalisi ezaziwa kuwo wonke umntu: "Wonke amandla kumaSoviet!", "Ngaphantsi kwamagosa aseburhulumenteni!", "Phansi kwemfazwe!".

Ukungaphumeleli ngaphambili

Inkxalabo kaRhulumente yayingekho kude, kodwa ngelo xesha i-Russia yebutho elaseMzantsi-Western iqalisa. Kwiintsuku ezilishumi nje zitshiywe ngokupheleleyo, ilahleko zaseRashiya zazikhulu. Ngokutsho kwishwankathelo zolondolozo lweengxelo, kunokugqitywa ukuba ama-60 000 amajoni afa. Kukho ingxaki entsha yezopolitiko.

Ngo-Julayi 8, iKomiti ePhambili yeeCadet yamkela isigqibo sokugxotha ngokupheleleyo "urhulumente wabambiseneli", okwakusoloko sele sele ixoxisana ngokugcwele kunye namaqela obuzwe aseUkraine, evumelana nemiqathango yokurhoxiswa kweli lizwe elitsha lavela eRashiya.

Kungekudala, ezitratweni zaseSt. Petersburg, amawaka emiboniso sele sele abilayo, egcinwe phantsi kwezivakalisi zokudlulisela onke amandla kumaBolsheviks. Eli xesha le meko yayiyinkimbinkimbi yinto yokuba phakathi kwabantu kwakukho amasoldati amaninzi axhobileyo nabanqwelisi. Ngokubanzi, umbuso ombini waseRussia ngo-1917 wawukho ngenxa enkulu yenkolelo yabantu ukuba abaphathi bawo baya kukwazi ukuphelisa imfazwe. Xa oku kungenzeki, ukuthembela kwabavoti kwalahleka ngokukhawuleza.

I-Sunset yamandla amabini

Urhulumente wamkela isigqibo esiyingozi malunga nesidingo sokusebenzisa amandla. Ubuncinane abantu abangama-700 babulawa, kwaye ulawulo lukaRhulumente luqala ngokukhawuleza ukuba lube lugxobhozo lobushiqela. Umthetho we-martial waqaliswa , iinqununu zempi zaxoshwa ngokukhawuleza kwi-capital, phantse onke amaphephandaba achukumisayo avaliwe.

Urhulumente wobumbano wesibini

Isigqibo sakhishwa ekubanjweni kwangaphambili kwe-VI uLenin no-GE Zinoviev, owayengowamaQela eBolshevik ngaleso sikhathi. Ngomhla wama-24 kuJulayi, "udidi lwesibini" lolawulo lwentlangano lwakhiwa, olubandakanya "abalinganisi-bhozo" abasibhozo kunye neentetho "zentlalo-ntlalo" ezisixhenxe. U-AF Kerensky owaziwayo uyaba nguNdunankulu wegunya elitsha.

Ngenxa yento eyenzekayo yintlalo, kubonga ukuba yiphi amandla eDashiya ngo-1917 ephelile? Itheyibhile ichaza ngokufutshane indlela iintlekele ezintathu ezenzeka ngayo ngelo xesha, kunye nezizathu ezibangelwa zona.

Enyanisweni, amandla asemibini eRussia ngo-1917 kule nto kwaye iphelile, ekubeni emva kokudalwa kwale rhulumente, urhulumente wayekhokelwa yi-Mensheviks. Ukubeka ngokulula, kwakungekho nantoni na inxaxheba malunga nokuhlula kwamandla. Ngoko, yintoni eyona nto yamandla amakhulu eRussia ngo-1917 ekhokelela kuyo? Iziphumo zadimaza:

• Inkxalabo enkulu yentlalontle yayiphunga kweli lizwe.
• Umkhosi kunye ne-navy ngokucacileyo kwakungekho kwicala likarhulumente.
• Akukho mntu wagqiba ukurhoxisa ilizwe ukusuka kwimfazwe.
• Umhlaba awuzange unikezwe kubahlali.
• Abantu abazange balinde ukulungiswa kwemfuneko yoluntu kunye noqoqosho.

Ngokubanzi, amandla asemibini eRussia ngo-1917, isicwangciso esichazwe ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngasentla, umzekelo ogqithisileyo wokuthi amandla obuthathaka nabangakhuselekanga "obamba" amandla akakwazi ukwenza into encedo ngokwenene. AmaBolshevik awakhupha iintliziyo zabantu ukuba abakhethi nje ukuhamba, kodwa benza njalo.

Nguye abaye bayeka ukuthatha inxaxheba eRashiya kwimfazwe, nangona bawenza ngo "Ihlazo Lamahloni eBrest", njengoko uLenin ngokwakhe wayethetha ngokuthe ngqo. Nangona kunjalo, ukuxhatshazwa koxolo olunxulumeneyo kunye neliphulo elizweni lilingene. Siyathemba ukuba ufunde ngeziganeko eziphelile ziphelisa amandla asemibini eRussia ngo-1917. Itafile esinikeze ngasentla ichaza izizathu eziphambili.

I-Mutiny yaseKornilov

Emva kokupheliswa kwamandla amabini, kwenziwa umzamo wokuhlanganisa onke amabutho ezopolitiko kweli lizwe ukwenzela ukuthintela ukuba ungene kwiingxabano zemfazwe yombutho. Phakathi ko-Agasti, iNdibano yesiZwe kaZwelonke yabanjwa, apho yonke inxaxheba yezopolitiko yeli lizwe ithatha inxaxheba. Ngaphandle kweBolsheviks. Hayi, iinzame zokufikelela kwisivumelwano ziyahluleka kwakhona: ii-Mensheviks zikhuthaza ukuguqulwa okwenene kunye nobukho kunye neSoviet, kodwa umbhishobhi wagxininisa ekutshutshiseni kunye nokupheliswa kokugqibela kwabo bonke abantu.

Ngaphantsi kwezi meko, i-coup de-et-etat yombutho yasemoyeni yasungulwa, kwinqanaba likaGeneral L. G. Kornilov. Inkqubo yakhe ayicacisiwe nje kuphela ekuphelisweni ngokupheleleyo kweenkokeli zeBolshevis, kodwa kunye nokwenziwa kwamanyathelo kwezoqoqosho, ukubuyiswa kwesigwebo sokufa kwi-navy nasemkhosini. Olu hlobo lokugqibela lwalufunekayo ukwenzela ukuyeka ukuhluthwa ngokukhawuleza kwemikhosi. UKorlolov waphatheka ngokucacileyo: phantse onke amaqela ezopolitiko avukela kuye, okwakungekho ncitshiswe ngokubuyiselwa kolawulo lobushiqela lobuTsarist. Ngeveki, i-mutiny yaxinwa.

Ukuba ufunde ngokucokisekileyo inxalenye yokuqala yale nqaku, ngokuqinisekileyo ukhumbule ukuba amandla asemibini eRussia ngo-1917 agqitywe ngenxa yokungaqiniseki kwamagosa aseSoviet kunye noRhulumente ojongene nawo. Okufanayo ngenxa yezi ziganeko ezilandelayo: ekugqibeleni, emva kokufumana amandla okwenene, onke amaqela ezopolitiko awanamdla. Amalungu abo ayengayifuni nto, kwaye ngoko ke amaBolsheviks athatha ngokukhawuleza ulawulo lwelizwe ezandleni zabo, esebenzisa inkxaso epheleleyo yodini lwabo bonke abantu.