Iindibano zabantu zi ... Imbali yeRoma yakudala

Umzabalazo wezentlalo usoloko unomdla kubaphandi, kwaye imbali yeRoma yakudala yaba yinkalo yophando lwezenzululwazi kwi-Renaissance. Imisebenzi eqokelelelwe ukususela ngoku ikhupha phantse yonke imiba yophuhliso lwezopolitiko, inkcubeko, kunye nezoqoqosho lwe-tsarist, i-republican kunye namaxesha empi. Ngenxa yombambano weklastiki phakathi kwama-plebeian angenamandla kunye nabangaphantsi kwamandla omhlaba, kwakhiwa isithuba esitsha, esilungiselelwe ukukhusela i-strata ephantsi yabemi.

Umvelaphi weZiko leeNkundla zabantu

I-tribune yabantu iyithuba elikhethiweyo, injongo eyona nto yayikukuqinisekisa ukukhuselwa komthetho ngabantu abaqhelekileyo ngokumelene nokuthanda kwamagunya.

I-plebeians ngokuqhelekileyo isigaba esingenakuhlanjululwa kwabantu, esakhiwe ngenxa yomzabalazo woluntu. Babenelungelo lokufumana indawo encinane yomhlaba. Kodwa kwakuyi-plebeians eyayifuna ukuthembela kummandla wasebukhosini waseRoma, ayefuna ukwenza umkhosi omkhulu wempi. Ngethuba lokuqala, ukuxubana kweendawo eziphantsi kunye neendawo eziphezulu kubakho ngexesha lolawulo lukaServius Tullius. Waguqula inkqubo yezolawulo - izizwe zezizwe zafika kwindawo yezizwe. Inani labesilisa lahlula kwiinqanaba ezili-6 kungakhathaliseki ukuba livelaphi. Ngethuba lexesha le-tsarist, ukhetho lwabaphathi luphelile, kodwa ngokusekwa kweRiphabhuliki, iintlanganiso zabantu zaqala ukuhlanganiswa. I-centriate centriate substituted substituted king, kwaye yayinegunya elifanayo. U Patricia wongamela igunya kwi-Senate. Ngexesha elifanayo, umzabalazo wee-plebeians kumalungelo unzima - bafuna ukufumana amathuba alinganayo kunye naba patricili ebomini babantu, bazama ukunciphisa inzala yetyala. Ngo-494 BC. E. - ngokubhikisha ngokubhekiselele kwi-senate - i-plebs ihlanganiselwe kwiNtaba eNgcwele. Lo kwakuyintluphelo yokuqala. I-Senate yenza ukuvunyelwa kwaye yavunyelwa ukuba iququzelele umantyi kwaye ivelise indawo yabasemagunyeni bamalungelo abantu.

Kuthetha ukuthini igama elithi "indunduma yabantu"? Ivela kwingcamango "yesizwe" - indawo yaseRoma yakudala. Ngokubizwa ngokuba ngabameleli abavela kubantu abaqhelekileyo, abakhuseli bakhe, banyulwe minyaka yonke.

Ukulwa kwamalungelo

I-plebeians yayinethuba lokubonelela ngokuxhatshazwa, ngenxa yokuba loo nto yayinomkhosi kwaye yayinezakhono ezithile. I-tribune yabantu iyithuba eliye lavela ngenxa yephulo elijongene naba patricians. Ezi zilandelayo zavaloyika kwaye zenza izinto. Kodwa akusiyo wonke umntu ovuyiswayo malunga nokubunjwa kwesithuba esitsha. Ukulwa okunobungozi kwabangela uMarcius Coriolanus - waqalisa imfazwe enkulu. Imfazwe yavalwa emva kwesicelo se-patricians ngokwawo, enqwenela ukuseka uxolo. Kwaye kwacaca ukuba igama elithi "intonga yabantu" lithetha ukuthini - kungekhona nje i-ofisi ekhethiweyo, kodwa isiphumo seemfuno kunye nomzabalazo wabantu bonke abangafanelekanga baseRoma. Umzabalazo wezenhlalakahle ubonise ukuhambelana kwesithuba esitsha kunye namandla akhe.

Amandla kunye noxanduva

Umsebenzi oyintloko wawukukhusela amalungelo abantu abaqhelekileyo-i-plebs. I-rostrum inokuchaphazela isigqibo somantyi, i-senate. Babengenawo amandla kuphela kubacensor kunye nabakhohlisi. Amalungelo abo aboniswe ngokukwazi ukuvota, abaomantyi abalungileyo, abemi abaqhelekileyo ukwenzela ukuphulwa. Emva kwexesha, bafumana amalungelo namalungelo omthetho.

Iingcango zendlu yakhe kwafuneka zivulekele abantu ngaso sonke isikhathi-i-tribune yabantu, umntu ongcwele eRoma, unyanzelekile nangaliphi na ixesha ukubonelela ngenkxaso kunye nokukhuseleka kwabo bafuna. Ungatsho ukuba wayeboshwe eRoma - awukwazi ukushiya eso sixeko ngaphezu kweentsuku.

Esi sithuba siyiziko lokuphuhliswa kweembono zentando yesininzi kunye neenjongo. Kodwa kwakudingeka basebenze kunye, ngaphandle koko ukuxabana kwabangelwa ukuhlaselwa kunye nokungakwazi ukwenza isigqibo esisodwa. Ngezihlandlo ezahlukileyo, amagunya namalungelo ahlukeneyo kwaye yaphela ngokukhawuleza ngexesha lolawulo.

Ukuphuhliswa kwesithuba esitsha

Ngokuvunyelwa kweenkundla zeentshaba, ii-plebeians azizange zincinci. Umzabalazo obalaseleyo wokulwa nabo wawukhokelwa yintsapho yobuzwe u-Apiev Klavdiev. Ukulandelana kweziganeko zexesha lamaRiphabliki kufundiswa esikolweni, umxholo othi "iRoma yasendulo" (ibakala lesi-5).

Ngethuba lexesha, iintlanganiso zaba zikhulu-inani liye landa ukuya ku-10. Ngethuba lokulawula kwe-Decemvirs, eso sithuba sachithwa okwesikhashana. Ukuqaliswa komsebenzi weenkundla kudibene nokuthotyelwa kwemithetho ye "XII tables". Batshintshile kakhulu: amalungelo, amandla, ukubunjwa kwezizwe.

Ngokomthetho weValeria neHorace, i-plebiscite yayinamandla kazwelonke. Iindibano ezidumileyo eRoma zancinci ngamalungelo omthetho. Kungekudala umtshato ongalinganiyo wama- plebeian kunye neentando-ntliziyo wagqiba. Ngekhulu le-IV BC. E. Iikomiti zamatyala zaba ngumbutho wezomthetho. Ngaloo xesha, inkolelo enkulu yafikeleleka - ukufumana inxalenye yomhlaba "kwintsimi eqhelekileyo" yamazwe anqobileyo, izibophelelo zetyala zazingekho mthwalo. I-plebeians inokuthi ibangele isikhundla se-consul - owokuqala yayiyi-Licinius Stolon. Ngenkulungwane ye-IV BC. E. I-tribune yabantu i-state inviolable person with the right to step initiative.

Ixesha leMithetho emikhulu

UGuy noTiberius Gracchi - iintlanga zabantu, abaye bakwazi ukuthobela imithetho ekhohlakeleyo enxulumene nesimo segrama kweli lizwe. Ikhomishini ekhethekileyo yenziwe ukuba isebenze kumthetho oqulunqwayo. Ingundoqo yesiphakamiso kukuveliswa kwamazwe, ngenxa yokuba abantu abaninzi banotyebi ngobutyebi, kwaye badlulisela kubantu. INdibano Yabantu Yadlulisela Umthetho, kodwa aba patricians baqala ukubonelela. U Tiberius wabulawa, kodwa imisebenzi yakhe yaqhubeka uGuy.

Kwakhona ukhethwa njengentloko yabantu, kodwa waqhubeka nomgaqo-nkqubo ohlukile. Imithetho yakhe yayinokuguquguquka ngokumalunga nawo onke amanqaku. Ukuguqulwa kobuGcisa kwaphakamisa abagibeli, ngokulinganayo ukulingana nempembelelo yabo ebukhulu beentloko. UGai wenza imizamo eninzi yokwenza amakholoni angaphandle. Injongo yakhe ephambili yayiyiCarthage.

Umsebenzi kaGuy watshitshisa aba patricians. I-Senate yanikela ngokukhethekileyo kumchasi weGracchus, ngenxa yoko, umguqukisi wabuye wafa - phantsi komyalelo wakhe ikhoboka lenze isilonda esibulalayo kwi-rostrum. Esi sigqibo senziwe ngenxa yokufa kwabaxhasayo bakaGuy kwi-duel eneempahla kunye ne-Senate. Ukuguqulwa kwabazalwana bakaGracchi bahlulwa.

Iminyaka yokunciphisa

I-Senate ngokukhawuleza ichithe amalungelo amagosa. Ngethuba elifutshane, ngenxa yeenkcaso zabasebenzi abaphezulu kunye nabahlali, impembelelo yabo kunye nodumo lwabo lwandisiwe. Kodwa ingxaki yomhlaba engaxhaswanga yathintela ukuthandwa kwintlanganiso. Inzame yeLibya Drusa ukuphumeza umyalelo wakhe wesikhalazo waguqulwa yingozi-wabulawa.

Wanciphisa i-rostrum nomlawuli wecawa uKornelius Sulla. Ngaphantsi komthetho wakhe, i-Senate kwafuneka iqinisekise amanyathelo omthetho. Kwaye i-rostrum ayikwazanga ukubiza isikhundla esiphakeme. Ngexesha leenkcukacha zeCrassus kunye nePompey, onke amalungelo avuselelwa okwesikhashana.

Ipostile yalahlekelwa yintsingiselo yayo yangaphambili emva kokuza kumandla kaYulius Caesar - wazibiza ngokuba ngumntu ohlala ngonaphakade. Bonke abalawuli babenza okufanayo. Ekugqibeleni, isithuba sanyamalala kwi-III yenkulungwane AD. E. Iintlanga zentlanga yayingumhlahlandlela wenkqubela yamaRashiya.