Cossack ngubani na? Imbali yeCosasacks

Kwinkqubo yophuhliso lwembali lwabantu nabani na amaxesha apho amaqela athile ahlukeneyo kwaye adala isahluko esithile senkcubeko. Kwezinye iimeko, ezo zithethe zenkcubeko zazixhamla ngokuthula kunye nesizwe sabo kunye nehlabathi lonke, ngelixa abanye balwela indawo efanayo phantsi kwelanga. Umzekelo wee ethnos ezinamandla unokuthi uthathwa njengoluhlu loluntu, njengeCosacks. Abameli beli qela leenkcubeko baye bahlala benemibono ekhethekileyo yehlabathi kunye nenkolo ebukhali. Kuza kube namhlanje, izazinzulu azikwazi ukuqonda ukuba ngaba uhlanga lwamaSilavic luhlanga oluhlukile. Imbali ye-Cossacks ibuyele kwixesha le-15 leminyaka ekude, xa amazwe aseYurophu aphelelwa yimfazwe ye-internecine kunye neengqungquthela zendibano.

I-etymology yegama elithi "Cossack"

Abantu abaninzi banamhlanje banengcamango eqhelekileyo yokuba iCosaff igosa okanye uhlobo lwamaqhawe ahlala kwixesha elithile lembali kwaye balwela inkululeko yabo. Nangona kunjalo, ukutolika okunjalo kuyomile kwaye kukude nenyaniso, ukuba sinokuqwalasela i-etymology yegama elithi "Cossack". Kukho iingcamango eziningana ezisisiseko zemvelaphi yale gama, umzekelo:

- iTurkic ("i-Cossack" ngumntu okhululekile);

- ilizwi livela ezinyaweni;

- Turkish ("kaz", "Cossack" ithetha "i-goose");

- igama livela kwikota elithi "kozary";

- Inkolelo yaseMongolia;

- inkolelo yeTurkestan - ukuba eli ligama lezizwe ezingahlali;

- Ngolwimi lwaseTatar, "i-Cossack" ingumkhosi wamasta emkhosini.

Kukho ezinye iingcamango, ngasinye ngasinye esichaza ngokucacileyo igama elinikeziweyo, nangona kunokwenzeka ukuba unike ingqolowa enengqiqo kakhulu kwiinkcazo zonke. Inkolelo eqhelekileyo kukuba i-Cossack yindoda ekhululekile, kodwa ixhobile, ilungele ukuhlasela nokulwa.

Umlando Wembali

Imbali ye-Cossacks iqala ngekhulu le-XV, elivela ngo-1489-ixesha lokukhankanywa kokuqala kwegama elithi "Cossack". Ilizwe lakwaMbali le-Cossacks yiMpuma Yurophu, ukuba lichane ngakumbi, intsimi ye-Wild Field (i-Ukraine namhlanje). Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kwi-XV inkulungwane, insimi yayingathathi hlangothi kwaye yayingekho yoBukumkani baseRussia nePoland. Ngokuqhelekileyo, intsimi ye-Wild Field yayixhatshazwa rhoqo yiCrimean Tatars. Ukumiswa kweziqu kwala bantu basePoland nakubuso baseRashiya kwathonya ukuphuhliswa kwefa elitsha-i-Cossacks. Enyanisweni, imbali ye-Cossacks iqala ngomzuzwana xa abantu abaqhelekileyo, abahlali, beqala ukuhlala kumazwe eNdawo yaseWild, ngelixa bezakhele iinjongo zabo zokulawulwa kwezempi ukuze balwe namaxhoba amaTatar kunye nezinye iintlanga. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-16 i-Cossack regiments yaba yimbutho yamandla enamandla, eyabangela ubunzima obukhulu kumazwe angomakhelwane.

Ukudalwa kweZaporozhye Sich

Ngokweenkcukacha zembali, ezaziwa ngokuza kuthiwa, umzamo wokuqala wokuzibhokoxa yi-Cossacks yenziwa ngo-1552 yiNkosana Volhynian Vishnevetsky, owaziwa kangcono njengoBaida.

Yena ngemali yakhe yakha isiseko sezempi, iZaporizhzhya Sich, eyayisesiqithi saseKhortitsa. Kwakubomi beCosacks. Indawo yayiyindawo efanelekileyo, kuba uSich wayevalile isicatshulwa eCrimea eya kumaTatar, kwaye yayisondele kumda wasePoland. Ngaphezu koko, indawo yendawo esiqithileyo yakha ubunzima obukhulu ngenxa yokugubha kweSich. IKhortitskaya Sich yayikho ixesha elifutshane, kuba ngo-1557 yachithwa, kodwa kwada kwafika ngo-1775 izakhiwo ezinjalo zakhiwa ngohlobo olufanayo - kwiziqithi zomlambo.

Imizamo yokulawula iiCosacks

Ngowe-1569 kwakhiwa i-Lithuanian-Polish polisi - uRzeczpospolita. Ngokwemvelo, le nyunyana ekulindelwe ixesha elide kumabutho asePoland naseLithuania ibaluleke kakhulu, kwaye ii-Cossacks zamahhala kwimida yommandla omtsha zahluke neenjongo zePoland-Lithuanian Commonwealth. Ewe, iinqaba ezinjalo zenziwa njengekhuseleke kakhulu kwiTatar ukuhlasela, kodwa zazingagqithwanga ngokupheleleyo kwaye azizange ziqwalasele igunya lithsaba. Ngaloo ndlela, ngowe-1572, ukumkani we-Commonwealth Sigismund II uAgasti ushicilela inqwelo, eyayilawula ukuqeshwa kwesithsaba se-Cossacks ezingama-300. Ziye zabhalwa kwiluhlu, irejista, ekhokelela egameni labo, - iiCosacks ezibhalisiweyo. Iiyunithi ezinjalo ziye zahlala zikulungele ukulwa ukulungelelanisa ukukhawuleza ukuhlaselwa kwamaTatars kwimida ye-Commonwealth, kwakunye nokucima ukuvuswa kwamaxesha abakhohlisayo.

Ukunyuka kwama-Cossack ngenkolo-ukuzimela kwesizwe

Ukusuka ngo-1583 ukuya ku-1657, ezinye iinkokheli zeCossack zaphakamisa izibambiso ukuze zikhulule kwiimpembelelo zePoland-Lithuanian Commonwealth kunye namanye amazwe azama ukuzithoba phantsi kwelizwe lase-Ukraine engaziwa.

Umnqweno onamandla kakhulu wokuzimela waqala ukubonakalisa phakathi kweklasi yaseCossack emva kwe-1620, xa i-hetman Sagaidachny idibene nayo yonke ibutho laseKieyina kunye nomkhosi wonke waseZaporozhye. Le nyathelo yabonisa ubunye bezithethe zeCossack kunye nokholo lwamaOthodoki.

Ukususela kuloo mzuzu, iimfazwe zika-Cossacks zazingekho nje inkululeko, kodwa inkolo. Ingxabano ekhulayo phakathi kweCosack nePoland yakhokelela kwimfazwe yelizwe elidumileyo yokukhulula i-1648 - 1654, eyayiqhutywa yiBobdan Khmelnitsky. Ukongezelela, kufuneka kuphawulwe akukho mbambano olubalulekileyo, okuyi-Nalivaiko, iKosinsky, Sulima, Pavlyuk, nabanye.

Rasskazachivanie ngexesha lolawulo lwaseRussia

Emva kwemfazwe yokukhulula yesizwe inkululeko ekhulwini le-17, kunye ne-turbulence eyayiseqalile, amandla empi aseCosas ayexhomekeke kakhulu. Ukongezelela, i-Cossacks yalahlekelwa inkxaso evela kwiRashiya yaseRashiya emva kokuba idlulele kwicala laseSweden kwi-Battle of Poltava, apho umkhosi weCosas uholwa ngu- Ivan Mazepa. Ngenxa yale ngqungquthela yeziganeko zembali kwiXVIII leminyaka, inqubo eqaqambileyo ye-rasskazachivaniya iqalisa, eyafikelela ekugqibeleni ngexesha le-Impress Catherine II. Ngo-1775 i-Zaporizhzhya Sich yachithwa. Nangona kunjalo, ii-Cossacks zanikwa ukhetho: ukuhamba ngendlela yazo (ukuhlala ubomi obuqhelekileyo) okanye ukujoyina i-hussar, iirgiments regiments, kunezinye ezininzi ezisetyenziswayo. Nangona kunjalo, inxalenye ebalulekileyo yombutho weCossack (malunga nabantu abayi-12 000) bahlala, abangazange bamkele ukunikezelwa kolawulo lwaseRashiya. Ukuqinisekisa ukukhuseleko kwangaphambili kwemida, kunye nangendlela ethile i-"Cossack ihlala", kwinqanaba lika-Alexander Suvorov, i-Black Sea Cossack Host yasungulwa ngo-1790.

Kuban Cossacks

I-Kuban Cossacks, okanye i-Cossacks yaseRussia, yabonakala ngo-1860. Yakhelwe kwiinkalo ezininzi ze-Cossack ezazisenziwa ngelo xesha. Emva kweeyure eziliqela ze-raskazachivaniya ezi zakhiwo zemikhosi ziye zaba yinxalenye yecandelo lezempi zombuso waseRussia. I-Cossacks yaseKuban yayisekelwe kwingingqi yeNorth Caucasus (intsimi ye-Krasnodar Territory yamanje). Isiseko seKuban Cossacks yi-Black Sea Cossack Host kunye neCaucasian Cossack Host, eyachithwa ngenxa yokuphela kweMfazwe yaseCaucasus. Ukwakhiwa kwezempi kwadalwa njengamandla omda wokujonga imeko kwiCaucasus. Imfazwe kule ntsimi yayiphelile, kodwa ukuzinza kwakuhlala kusongelwa. I-Cossacks yaseRashiya ibe yinto ebalulekileyo phakathi kweCaucasus kunye neRashiya yaseRashiya. Ukongezelela, abameli balo mkhosi babandakanyeka kwiMfazwe ePhambili yePatriotic. Kuze kube yimini, ubomi be-Cossacks yaseKuban, izithethe zabo kunye nenkcubeko zigcinwe ngenxa yombumba wabantu baseKuban Cossack.

Don Cossacks

I-Don Cossacks yinkcubeko yamandulo yaseCossack, eyavela ngokufanayo neZaporozhye Cossacks phakathi kwekhulu le-XV. I-Don Cossacks zafumaneka kwintsimi yaseRostov, Volgograd, iLugansk neDonetsk. Igama lomkhosi lidityaniswe ngokusemthethweni nomlambo waseDon. Uhlobo oluphambili phakathi kwe-Don Cossacks kunye namanye amaziko e-Cossack kukuba aluphuhlanga nje njengeyunithi yempi, kodwa njenge-ethnos eneempawu zenkcubeko. UDon Cossacks wabambisana ngokubambisana neZaporozhye kwiimfazwe ezininzi. Ngethuba loKhuphelo luka-Oktobha, umbutho waseDon wasungula ilizwe lawo, kodwa ukuphambili kwe-White Movement kwintsimi yalo kukhokelela ekutshatyalazweni nasekutshutshisweni okulandelayo. Oku kulandela ukuba uDon Cossack ngumntu onguhlobo oluthile loluntu olusekelwe kumbandela. Inkcubeko ye-Don Cossacks iye yasinda ngexesha lethu. Kwintsimi yeRussia Federation yanamhlanje kukho abantu abayi-140 000 abarekhoda ubuzwe babo njenge "Cossack".

Indima yeCosacks kwiinkcubeko zehlabathi

Kuza kube yimhla, imbali, ubomi beCosacks, izithethe zabo zenkcubeko kunye neenkcubeko zifundiswa ngokusisigxina kwizenzululwazi emhlabeni jikelele. Akungabazeki ukuba, iiCosacks aziyiyo nje imikhosi yempi, kodwa i-ethnos ehlukeneyo, eyayiminyaka emininzi idalwe yenkcubeko yakhe ekhethekileyo. Iimbali-mlando zanamhlanje zizama ukuphinda ziphinda ziphinde zincinci zembali ze-Cossacks ukwenzela ukuba ziqhubeke nokukhumbula le mthombo omkhulu weenkcubeko ezithile zaseMpuma Yurophu.