I-Congress of Vienna: kulwahlulo Europe ngenkulungwane ye-19

Ngemihla yokugqibela Matshi 1814 imikhosi eManyeneyo ngoloyiso wangena Paris. Oku kwathetha ukoyiswa esipheleleyo Napoleonic France kunye nokupheliswa lokugqibela leminyaka eemfazwe yaseYurophu. UNapoleon ngokwakhe kungekudala asiyeke yaye wathunyelwa Elba, awinileyo sizana etafileni thethwano ukwenza imephu Europe.

Ukuze benze oku, i-Congress of Vienna owaba, eyayibanjelwe e-Austria ngo-1814-1815, ngokulandelelana. Kwaba eyenziwa ngabameli abavela eRashiya, eNgilani, Austria, Prussia, France kunye Portugal.

Imiba ephambili nale: ngokutsha yaseYurophu wakhetha kumazwe noloyiso, abuyisele ukumkani eYurophu ukuthintela naziphi na abuyele ngamandla uNapoleon.

E France, oko wabuyiselwa ngabameli Bourbon ubukhosi, waza wathabatha itrone Lyudovik xviii, indlalifa ecaleni kubulawa uLouis XVI. Ukongeza, baphumeleleyo uza kububuyisela umyalelo omdala - zithandwa feudal kunye absolutist. Kakade ke, emva kokuba onke impumelelo zezopolitiko French Revolution, le njongo waba nephupha, kodwa nangona kunjalo, iminyaka emininzi, iYurophu wangena conservatism kunye indlela urhulumente.

Ingxaki engundoqo yaba nokunikezelwa komhlaba, ingakumbi ePoland Saxony. Russian uMlawuli Alexander Ndandifuna ukuya emasimini Polish kummandla Russia, Saxony kunye nokunika amandla Prussia. Kodwa ke abameli Austria, Great Britain neFransi ndathintelwa ngamandla isigqibo esinjalo. Bade wasayina imfihlelo isivumelwano kwintsebenziswano nxamnye amabhongo ezifunda Prussia neRashiya, ngoko ke isigaba sokuqala sokumakishwa division-loo nto yenzekileyo.

Ngokubanzi, i-Congress of Vienna wabonisa ukuba noludumileyo engundoqo imikhosi yabonwa eRashiya, Prussia, eNgilane Austria. Haggling kwaye ingxabano phakathi kwabo, abameli kula mazwe kwenziwa enkulu re-division of Europe.

Ngentwasahlobo yowe-1815, uNapoleon ubalekile Elba, wamisa eFransi yaye yasungula iphulo elitsha yasemkhosini. Noko ke, amajoni akhe boyiswa ngokupheleleyo eWaterloo kunye Congress of Vienna ngo-1815 waqalisa ukusebenza ngesantya okukhawulezileyo. Ngoku, abathathi-nxaxheba ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka wazama ukuba ukuthatha izigqibo zokugqibela kubume sendawo Europe.

Ekuqaleni kuka July 1815 ukuba isayinwe isenzo jikelele Congress, njengako apho eFransi umnakekeli zonke emazweni ngaphambili. Russia ithathe Duchy of Warsaw, leyo ngoku kubizwa ngokuthi buBukumkani Poland. Rhineland, Poznan, Westphalia kunye Saxony nakwezona nxalenye adlula Prussia. Austria ejoyina nommandla wayo Lombardy, Compostela kunye Venice, yaye komdibaniso oozilawuli North German (German Confederation) , eli lizwe ifumana kakhulu nempembelelo. Kakade ke, oku kuchaphazela izinto karhulumente Prussia.

Ngo-Italy, uBukumkani ESardinia wabuyiselwa ukwanelisa savoy kunye naseNice, kwangaxeshanye ekuvumeleni amalungelo yeNdlu savoy. Tuscany, Modena kunye Parma wafika phantsi kwamandla abameli Austria Habsburgs. ERoma kwakhona wafika phantsi kwegunya upopu, aza abuya wonke umthetho endala. E Naples, wahlala phezu etroneni Bourbons. Wabumba Kingdom of the Netherlands ukusuka Netherlands ne Belgium.

ithi Small German ukuba wabubhangisa i uNapoleon, uninzi lwabo azikhange wachacha. inani lawo elipheleleyo Sehle phantse ezilishumi amaxesha. Noko ke, ukuqhekezwa eJamani, ngoku leyo 38 ithi, ihleli injalo.

To England zwe waphuma bobukoloniyali ukuba Balisusa eSpeyin, France neHolland. Sisiqithi saseMalta , kunye eCeylon, i-Cape of Good Hope, Guyana, Corinth Islands ngoku nasekugqibezeleni ubukumkani yaseBritani.

Dlalo ye cantons Swiss elinethoba kwasekwa elavakaliswa "cala, kude kuse ephakadeni". Norway ocande amandla eSweden, ezivela kwi-Danish.

Kodwa wonke ngaphandle kokukhetha amazwe aseYurophu babesoyika i ekomelezeni ngokugqithiseleyo Russia, ngenxa yokuba ilizwe behlelo indima ophumeleleyo phezu amajoni uNapoleon yakhe.

INkomfa eVienna ngoku ngokupheleleyo, kodwa ukuwa 1815, Alexander ndagqiba ukubethelela umyalelo omtsha aseYurophu kwaye uqinisekise indima ephambili eRashiya ne England. On ngokwakhe, isivumelwano esatyikitywa ngomhla ngokusekwa Alliance oyiNgcwele, eziquka Austria, Prussia kunye uBukhosi Russian. Ngokwesivumelwano, urhulumente uthembise ukunceda omnye kwimeko wotshintsho okanye neziphithiphithi ethandwayo.

I-Congress of Vienna kunye nezigqibo zayo yaba negalelo tsotsololo yonke inkqubo yaseYurophu. Kuphela emva 1917, xa kwaqhambuka iMfazwe Yehlabathi yokuqala, indawo yaseYurophu ziya ezizotywe ngokutsha kwakhona.