Estate eRussia ngenkulungwane ye-17: inkcazelo emfutshane

Estate eRussia ngenkulungwane ye-17 - kuba liqela loluntu, ophethwe kukhuselwe amalungelo ayo kunye nemisebenzi, awayenikezelwe phantsi kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana. Ngelo xesha izinto kwilizwe lethu yaba kukugqitywa yokuma koluntu yoluntu ngenxa nkqubo zikarhulumente kunye nokwamkelwa eziliqela izigqibo, ingakumbi yayingeyiyo Conciliar I-Code, nto leyo eneneni ebhalwe emigangatho zemveli esekwe-kakuhle ezingenamandla ze Ingxenye lwentlalo.

izinduna

Estate eRussia ngenkulungwane ye-17 ibizwa ngokuba yi "irenki", kodwa hayi kangako kwakuthetha ukuba ngamalungu inkonzo ethile, kunye nokubandakanyeka inkampani ethile kwezentlalo. Ngeli xesha kwilizwe lethu ekugqibeleni ayila izixhobo ezenziwe ngokwemimiselo amandla, ingakumbi Boyar Duma, i Zemsky Sobor nemiyalelo. Ilungelo lokuba bakhonze kula maqumrhu ummeli ilifa iklasi ilungelo eRashiya ngenkulungwane ye-17. Udidi yokugqibela kuquka zombini iinkosi yehlabathi kwaye nangokomoya.

Incam uluntu ingqalelo izikhulu. Oku kuquka neentlanga ezininzi: ngabamelii bamasebe zisecaleni Rurik ubukhosi, awela inkonzo akwa Moscow abathetheli Tatar nyambalala yomkhosi kunye nezidwangube lahlaselwa kunye Wallachia, Moscow ukuhlonipheka endala, kwakunye njengoko zathethayo izikhulu ilingane, nabathetheli zizilawuli, ezibe ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo apha eMoscow. Olu udidi nelungelo eRashiya ngenkulungwane ye-17 unelungelo lokuba nezinto ezizezakhe fiefdom - a nobunini mhlaba ilifa, wadluliselwa lilifa kwaye unelungelo lokuba nezinto ezizezakhe ngamakhoboka. Indawo ekhethekileyo Duma izinduna kuhlala yi Prince noKumkani. Yaba ke owenza phezulu phezulu ulawulo kulawulo. ukubaluleka avelele ezo zayo - abantu ababehamba irhuluneli endleleni, wathabatha oonozakuzaku bamazwe angaphandle, kwakunye ngokomyalelo a webutho, wakhonza irhuluneli.

Nabakhulu servitors

Inyathelo olulandelayo yezikhulu. Kwakhona yahlulwe ngokweendidi. Sasikuthanda ukuba amatshawe aphathwe sisicaka? Imbeko ekhethekileyo eMoscow: Ngendlu, igosa. Indawo yesibini kwakukho ibekwe izidwangube amapolisa - izikhulu yephondo. Aba bantu, kwakunye izidwangube unelungelo lokuba nezinto ezizezakhe sabelwa umhlaba ngamakhoboka, kodwa, ngokungafaniyo yokuqala, kuba lilifa ukuba kuphela ilifa xa unyana baqhubeka bekhonza emva kuyise.

Eyona iklasi eRashiya ngenkulungwane ye-17 esezantsi ethathe imilo nje kule nkulungwane, xa egqubayo kwixesha elidlulileyo yokuma koluntu zafumana inkxaso-mthetho. Enye udidi ebalulekileyo ngabantu zomkhosi. Baye yahlulwe yaba ziindidi eziliqela: abatoli, gunners, ngensimbi kunye Cossacks. Bathi ingqalelo yabemi abaxhomekeke.

abahlali basedolophini

Eli qela nayo kuxhomekeke kakhulu kurhulumente. Isibakala ukuba umthengisi engundoqo irhafu ebutyebini bokumkani, ngoko ke urhulumente wayenomdla ngokukhethekileyo indlela aqhoboshele aba bantu endaweni yabo isigxina. Bendawo ukuhlawula ebizwa ngokuba irhafu, unikelo, yaye kwimeko ukubaleka okanye ukurhoxiswa lomntu ipoma, isabelo sayo bawa kwabanye. Ngoko ke, amandla kwabemi nto zibambene nayo indawo esisigxina yokuhlala. Noko ke, abaninzi baye bafumanisa ukuba waqalisa ukuhamba kwi zokuhlala ezimhlophe, ezibe bakhululwe iirhafu, ngokubekwa abanini abo onke, ukulahlekelwa inkululeko.

abalimi

iiklasi uphawu kwenkulungwane ye-17 eRashiya ibandakanya uhlalutyo imeko isambuku yabemi. Sithetha ngayo abalimi, ababephakathi arhabaxa. Baye bohlulwa chernososhnyh (umnini okanye buqu free), i benani, ezibe kwipropati lobuqu kwabanini, kwibhotwe ekule indlu yakomkhulu. Bayithatha zonke iintlobo imisebenzi, ngokuyintloko serfdom (ukuphuculwa zendalo) kwaye iirenti (ngemali okanye ezingeyomali iminikelo ukuba umnini-mhlaba). Conciliar I-Code isungule ongunaphakade nabalimi Yancinwa nembacu ngaphezu ngesamente ubukho of serfdom eRashiya.

trade

Amafa kwenkulungwane ye-17 eRashiya, itafile leyo inikwa kweli nqaku libonisa indlela mkhulu ngesidanga umahluko yoluntu Russian sele ifikelele. Xa iqela elahlukileyo zorhwebo abachaphazelekayo ukuze bakuthathele ingqalelo. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho iindwendwe waziwayo gqitha, ababehlala izikhundla eziphezulu kulawulo lwezemali yaye unelungelo lokuba nezinto ezizezakhe fiefdoms yaye akuyomfuneko iirhafu. Amalungu kwigumbi lokuhlala ize amakhulu ilaphu ukwasebenza inxalenye wawuyinyhweba abarhwebi. Kwafuneka ilungelo ukulawula imicimbi yabo zangaphakathi, kwaye ikhokelwe iintloko anyuliweyo ezase. Ezinye abarhwebi ahlawule imisebenzi karhulumente.

abefundisi

Ukuqhuba amafa Russian ebudeni benkulungwane ye-17 ubonisa indawo iqela ngalinye zentlalo kwiqela elinegunya. Abefundisi waba zahlulo ezimbini: abamnyama nabamhlophe. Udidi lokuqala luquka lendela. Godlo ingumnini umhlaba abalimi pripisnymi. Ababingeleli Parish yintsapho, impahla, imfundo imbopheleleko yabo. Ngoko ke, ngenxa yokuba kungasentla, sinokugqiba ukuba iRussia ngenkulungwane ye-17 ekugqibeleni ethathe imilo oluneqela umphakathi wobukhosi.