Ezakudala zoncwadi ehlabathini; ukuchaza indlela athile

"Njengokuba ezakudala wafundisa", "Mna ndiye ndafunda ezakudala" - ezi neziphithiphithi nga kuviwa kwintetho yemihla ngemihla. Noko ke, kuya kuba nzima sikuqonda kakuhle oko ababhali kufuneka unelungelo lokungena-mali yegolide belles-lettres, kwaye ngokubanzi oko yinkolelo - classic loncwadi yehlabathi. Imibuzo enjalo uya kuphendula kweli nqaku.

iingxaki kwamagama

Ukuchaza ingqikelelo ye-classical kunzima kakhulu, ngenxa yokuba le nkcazo lisetyenziswa neentsingiselo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo. Kuba avareji isithethi lomthonyama, oko lifana umgangatho ofanelekileyo, ukuba oko kuyimfuneko efunekayo. Noko ke, asikokuzibaxa izinto ukuthi ngokunxulumene uncwadi ngaphaya ezi parameters kunye mobile azifani, kuxhomekeka kwixesha elithile. Ngoko ke, ngokuba Corneille kunye Racine ziyahlonelwa uncwadi emhlabeni - ikakhulu imveliso yamaxesha ka Antiquity, kumaXesha Aphakathi, ngoxa wamamkela lo yabo. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIX kwakukho nokuba abalandeli athi intle yonke eRashiya vele. Vuma: abayithandayo ka Pushkin, Dostoevsky kunye Tolstoy ezinjalo nantoni na awayefike sele zibonakala etyeni kakhulu.

A nombono ohlukile

Kwakhona, ngaphantsi kwe "yoncwadi lwamandulo" ngamanye amaxesha libhekisela imveliso, wadalwa ukuze kwimpucuko. Nangona namhlanje lo mbono kuya kuqwalaselwa ngandlel lixesha, njengoko iinoveli Kafka ngayo Joyce kunye Proust, imizobo Dali kunye Malevich sele kudala ocande kudidi lwe-mali segolide kokhula art ngaphandle komnci aneziphiwo awayephila.

Kwangaxeshanye, phezu kwazo iinguqulelo zembali ziyahlonelwa zoncwadi emhlabeni lixesha, enemisebenzi futhi abanetalente. Kwanasemva kokuba amakhulu eminyaka, abantu ingqalelo imisebenzi kaShakespeare, Goethe kunye Pushkin, zokutolika nabo kwiintetho ezahlukeneyo. Oku kuyenzeka kuba ubunzulu umxholo kwabo, ukufaneleka ukuba wonke.

Ngoko ke, UPawulos, oko kuquka iincwadi zakudala? Iincwadi Classics, ogama imisebenzi ziyafundwa namhlanje.

Classical and "high" uncwadi - into efanayo?

Icandelo koncwadi "kumanqanaba" amathathu - phezulu, belletristic kunye nobunzima - esanda kutshanje. Okunye asithathe, xa badalwa ngokukodwa avareji umfundi incwadi eyonwabisayo. Ezakudala zoncwadi yehlabathi ikakhulu ekwafanekisa le "high" yendalo. Ukuba krelekrele, kufuna umsebenzi ebalulekileyo inxalenye umfundi, amava akhe. Noko ke, igama elithi "Classic" lisetyenziswa yeesampulu-ekuthiwa iincwadi abaninzi, nangona intsingiselo ngandlel 'ithile. Umzekelo zoku abecuphi ka Agatha Christie kunye maphupho Tolkien. Xa abalandeli yabo babanga ukuba - classic loncwadi zehlabathi, ukuba wayebhekisela ukuba "amaNdiya Ten Little" okanye "iNkosi Imisesane" baye bakhonza ngumzekelo omhle ababhali elizayo owayesebenza phakathi kwezi ntlobo. Njengokuba kude njengoko imveliso ogama iya kuhlala kwimemori readers, kunzima ukuba ndigwebe, uncwadi asisiniki impendulo ngqo lo mbuzo.

Uluhlu ezakudala zehlabathi

Kuye ube kulungiselelwa yemveli iincwadi ratings, ukufunda okunyanzelekileyo kwabo bafuna ukuba ingqalelo umntu ofundileyo ngokwenene. Vula ezi zintlu nokudaliweyo ngababhali bamandulo bamaGrike namaRoma: uHomer ( "Iliad"), Aeschylus ( "Prometheus Bound") kunye Virgil ( "Aeneid"). Iimveliso ngasentla banelungelo komntu ukunxiba ngesiqu of "ziyahlonelwa iincwadi ehlabathini." Ixesha of the Ages Aphakathi waba nelaye lasisiseko bobuchule J .. F. Villon kunye Chaucer, kwaye inani olungenasiphelo lwemisebenzi yoncwadi ngaphandle yombhali.

Renaissance koqobo wasinika imifanekiso engunaphakade - Shakespeare kunye ingawenzi. Nakuba kunjalo, kufuneka sikhumbule malunga wabe, Petrarch, Boccaccio, inkawu de Vega, Fransua Rable kunye nabanye. ngekhulu XVII yabalasela ezimbejembeje (Pedro Calderon, Gongora) kunye odidi (Racine, Corneille, Moliere) zobugcisa. Emva koko kwafika ixesha yiEnlightenment, alusincedanga iincwadi amagama uVoltaire, Rousseau, Goethe kunye Schiller.

XIX ngekhulu inikeza umsebenzi zothando Byron, Scott, Hoffmann, Hugo, Poe. Kwafa phakathi kwe romanticism kwinkulungwane indawo yi ngokoqobo ebalulekileyo kunye neenoveli ka Stendhal, Balzac, Dickens.

Ekujikeni kwenkulungwane luphawulwa imbonakalo iintshukumo modernist lokuqala - umqondiso (Verlaine, Rimbaud, iWilde), naturalism (Zola) kunye Impressionist (UKnut Hamsun). Ngelo xesha ngokuya ethandwa-ekuthiwa drama entsha (Ibsen, Shaw, Maeterlinck), idla uhlaziye ngokupheleleyo ubuchule lixesha olukhulu. kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini ahlanganiswe iincwadi inoveli owayephila (wabhekisela Kafka, Proust no-Joyce), kukho inani elikhulu lokumpompoza avant - kwemiYalezo Dada, expressionism. Kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane lokugqibela yabalasela imisebenzi Brecht, Camus, Hemingway kunye Marquez. Unako kwakhona ukuthetha ngemisebenzi ezaziphila postmodern ziye ziyahlonelwa (Pavic, Suskind).

abalobi Russian

ezakudala Russian - oku ngokuqinisekileyo libali eyahlukileyo. XIX kunye kwekhulu XX wafumanisa amagama Pushkin, Lermontov, Gogol, Turgenev, Fet, Goncharov, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, yaseChekhov, Blok, Gorky, Yesenin, Bulgakov, Sholokhov ... ezimilise ziyahlonelwa iincwadi Russian kunye nehlabathi imisebenzi yabo.