Holography - it ... Ingqiqo, Umgaqo, isicelo

umfanekiso Holographic namhlanje isetyenziswa kakhulu. Abanye abakholelwa ukuba ungakwazi esikhundleni iindlela ezaziwayo yokunxibelelana kwexesha. Njengalo okanye hayi, kodwa ngoku lisetyenziswa-mveliso eyahlukeneyo. Ngokomzekelo, sonke izitikha aqhelekileyo holographic. A lot of abenzi yokuzisebenzisa njengendlela zokuzikhusela womgunyathi. Le ifoto ingezantsi ibonisa ezinye izitikha holographic. isicelo sabo - indlela esebenzayo ukukhusela impahla kunye namaxwebhu nxamnye womgunyathi.

Imbali nasekufundweni holography

Three-ntathu umfanekiso afunyenwe ngenxa refraction, waqalisa ukufunda kakhulu kutshanje. Noko ke, sonke sithethe ubukho imbali isifundo yayo. Dennis Gabor, Scientist waseBritani, kuqala ezichongiweyo ngowe-1948, oko holography. Le eyaba yayibaluleke kakhulu, kodwa ibaluleke kakhulu ngexesha layo lalingekafiki kwacaca. Wasebenza 1950, abaphandi baye ubunzima ngenxa yokusilela umthombo wokukhanya kokuba namathelwano - indawo ebaluleke kakhulu kuphuhliso holography. I-laser yokuqala zenziwe ngo-1960. Nale divayisi kunokwenzeka ukufumana ukukhanya ukuba ukubumbana eyaneleyo. Juris Upatnieks kwaye immet Leith, izazinzulu US belisebenzisa ukwenza yehologram yokuqala. Ngoncedo zabo bafumana imifanekiso-ntathu bezinto.

Kwiminyaka elandelayo, isifundo saqhubeka. Amakhulu amaphepha ophando ezazingaviwa ingcamango holography, sele ishicilelwe, yaye kupapashwa iincwadi ezininzi kule ndlela. Noko ke, le misebenzi abhekiswe iingcali hayi umfundi ngokubanzi. Kweli nqaku siza kuthetha ngolwimi lula yonke into.

Yintoni holography

Unga ukunikeza le nkcazo ilandelayo: holography - efunyanwa ifoto laser ngokomthamo. Noko ke, le nkcazo ayikho eyanelisayo ngokupheleleyo, njengokuba kukho ezinye iintlobo ezininzi imifanekiso-ntathu. Noko ke, loo nto ibonakalisa sibalulekileyo: holography - indlela yobugcisa evumela ukuba "irekhodi" imbonakalo yento; enokukunceda ukufumana umfanekiso-ntathu ukuba ikhangeleka ngathi yeyokwenene; ukusetyenziswa laser kuye kwaba kuhle kakhulu kuphuhliso yayo.

Holography kunye nesicelo yayo

ukufunda holography inceda ukucacisa imiba emininzi enxulumene nokufota yesiqhelo. Njengoko buciko umfanekiso-ntathu Unga umngeni yokugqibela, kuba likuvumela ukuba ukubonisa ihlabathi ngokuchane ngakumbi nechanekileyo.

Izazinzulu ngamanye amaxesha ihlaba era kwimbali yoluntu ngonxibelelwano, ezibe eyaziwa kwiinkulungwane ezithile. Wena uthi, umzekelo, ekhoyo kwi Imifanekiso yamandulo eYiputa, le wayila ngo-1450 we-ndaba wokushicilela. Ngokuphathelele ne waphawula mihla phambili zobugcisa, iindlela ezintsha zokunxibelelana, ezifana TV kunye ngomnxeba, ahlala isikhundla lubalaseleyo. Nangona umgaqo holographic lisathukuza yayo xa kufikwa ukusetyenziswa kwayo kumajelo eendaba, kukho isizathu sokukholelwa ukuba isixhobo isekelwe phezu kuya kuba nako ukubuyisela indlela ezaziwayo zonxibelelwano kwixesha elizayo, okanye ubuncinane bandise umda zezicelo zabo.

iincwadi zamabali Science and cinezela namajelo uchazwa holography kwindawo engalunganga, ukukhanya lothando. Ngokufuthi ukudala ingcamango ephosakeleyo ngale ndlela. umfanekiso-ntathu, sibonile ukuba okwesihlandlo sokuqala, ibangel 'umdla. Kodwa akukho ayiphucukanga kangako ke ingcaciso ebonakalayo umgaqo izixhobo zayo.

Le ipatheni uphazamiseko

Ukukwazi ukubona izinto isekelwe kwinto yokuba amaza kukukhanya refracted ngu okanye iboniswe kubo, bangene emehlweni ethu. ukukhanya kubonakala ukusuka into ebonakala uhlobo nokulatyuza ngaphambili lokutshangatshangisa ehambelana imilo into ngu. Umfanekiso imivimbo ezimnyama kunye nokukhanya (okanye imigca) ukudala amaqela amabini amaza okukhanya kunamathelwe aphazamisane. Oku kwenza holography umthamo. Le iziqwenga data kwimeko nganye ziquka ukuhlanganiswa ukuba uxhomekeke kuphela imilo amaza wavefronts leyo banxibelelane nabanye. Loo mfanekiso kuthiwa kokuphazanyiswa. It ingalungiswa, umzekelo, epleyitini yokuthathwa, ukuba uyibeke kwindawo apho kukho uphazamiseko ngumtshangatshangiso.

Iintlobo ngeentlobo ngobumbano

Indlela ikuvumela ukuba abhale (irejista) kubonisiwe ukusuka into wave ngaphambili, uze emva koko ukubuyisela kuyo ukuze kumboniseli ukuba ubona into yokwenene, kwaye holography. Le ndlela, apho kungenxa yokuba lo mfanekiso-ntathu ifunyenwe ngomlinganiselo ofanayo njengoko yinto yokwenene.

Kukho iintlobo ezininzi ezahlukeneyo ngobumbano, apho kulula ukufumana bedidekile. Ukuze ukujonga oku okanye uhlobo, kufuneka ziphele izichazi ezine okanye ezintlanu. Ukusuka zonke iiseti zabo, sicinga kuphela iiklasi ezisisiseko esebenzisa holography mihla. Kodwa ke, kufuneka kuqala ukuthetha kancinci ngale wave mba we diffraction. Ukuba kusivumela ukuba bayile (okanye mandithi ukuyilandelela) le wavefront.

diffraction

Ukuba into endleleni yokukhanya, ukuba ngenye imini. bend ukukhanya emhlabeni into, esiza ngokuyinxenye kummandla isithunzi. Le ndlela kuthiwa diffraction. Yena kungenxa yomtshangatshangiso uhlobo lokukhanya, kodwa ukuyicacisa zicwadi kunzima kakhulu ukuba ngokungqongqo.

Kuphela i engile encinane kakhulu ukukhanya lingena singene kummandla isithunzi, ngoko phantse musani uqaphele kuyo. Nakuba kunjalo, ukuba ngaba kukho ezininzi imiqobo ezincinane, umgama ophakathi apho zenza kuphela ubude ezimbalwa lencinibakazi ukukhanya indlela yayo, oku silubona azikaqapheleki.

Ukuba kokuwa wavefront luwela eziyimiqobo eyodwa enkulu, "uwa" inxalenye efanelekileyo kuyo, loo nto ayithethi kuchaphazela indawo eliseleyo wavefront. Ukuba kukho ezininzi iingxaki ezincinane umendo wayo, oko ilungiswe yi diffraction ukuze ukusasazeka njengomqobo ukukhanya kuya kuba phambi ngumtshangatshangiso ngokomgangatho ezahlukeneyo.

Ukutshintsha unamandla kangangokuba ukukhanya iqala ekusasazeni kwelinye icala. Kubonakala ukuba diffraction ivumela ukuba ukuguqula wavefront original njengento kakhulu kuyo. Ngenxa yoko, diffraction - indlela apho sifumana wavefront entsha. Isixhobo ochazwe ngasentla ngokwenza oko, ochazwa ngokuba a diffraction lwaso. Siza kuthi ngakumbi ngayo.

diffraction nothango

Le ipleyiti encinane zidipozithwe kuwo obhityileyo imivumbo parallel ngqo (imigca). Bona bebekwe ngokwahlukeneyo omnye komnye ngumntu ekhulwini okanye sewaka ndlela. Kwenzeka ntoni ukuba laser umqadi lisendleleni idibana igridi equka eziliqela bands ezimnyama kunye eliqaqambileyo namabala? Inxalenye uya kudlula ngqo nge zemivalo; ke abathile - curl. Ngoko ke bakha imiqadi ezimbini ezintsha apho uphume nothango kwi engile elithile ukuya umqadi yoqobo kwaye ibekwe kumacala omabini kuyo. Ukuba umntu uba umqadi laser, umzekelo, kukho wavefront moya, bobabini akhiwa emacaleni umqadi omtsha iza kuba wavefronts Planar. Ngenxa yoko, xa sidlula endaweni diffraction nothango lwaso lobhedu laser umqadi, siya ukwakha miba mibini ezintsha zibe ngumtshangatshangiso (flat). Kuyabonakala ukuba, nothango lwaso diffraction nga ozakuthathwa umzekelo elula a bumbano.

yenene Register

Nolwazi kunye nemigaqo esisiseko holography kufuneka siqale ukufunda le miba mibini moya wave. Ukuzibandakanya, zakha umzekelo uphazamiseko, apho irekhodwa ibekwe kwindawo enye apho kwakukho screen, ipleyiti lokushicilela. Eli nqanaba lenkqubo (lokuqala) e holography kuthiwa irekhodi (okanye ukurekhodwa) ye yehologram.

buyisela umfanekiso

Sicingela ukuba omnye amaza moya - A, kwaye eyesibini - V. ezizezi ireferensi yomtshangatshangiso, yaye B - esi sifundo, oko kubonakala ukusuka into kabani umfanekiso kulungisiwe. Xi nga ku akukho ndlela yohlukile reference otshangatshangiswayo. Noko ke, xa kudalwa yehologram yenziwe-ntathu into lokwenene wavefront kakhulu ezintsonkothe ngokuthe kratya ukukhanya iboniswe ukusuka kwinto.

Indlela uphazamiseko, kufumaneka kwi-negative (ukutsho oko, i-umfanekiso zothango), - oku yehologram. Kokuba zibekwe kwindlela primary reference umqadi (laser umqadi ukuba wavefront moya). Kulo mzekelo, omabini amacala kwakheka 2 phambi wave entsha. Eyokuqala kubo ikopi ngqo into otshangatshangiswayo phambi leyo Ukhuthaza kwicala elinye njengoko yomtshangatshangiso W. Inqanaba ngasentla kuthiwa umfanekiso ngokutsha.

Le nkqubo holographic

Indlela uphazamiseko, eyenziwe yi-moya ezimbini amaza ezihambelanayo emva nokuzibhala kwipleyiti lokufota sisixhobo ukuvumela ukuba kwakhona elinye ukhanyiso moya yomtshangatshangiso kwimeko enye yezi ngamaza. Inkqubo holographic, wenjenje la manyathelo alandelayo: ubhaliso kunye esilandelayo "yokugcina" lencinibakazi phambi injongo ngohlobo yehologram (ipateni uphazamiseko) kunye luyeke yayo nangaliphi na ixesha emva kokuba nokuwela yehologram reference otshangatshangiswayo.

eneneni Subject wavefront kunokuba na. Umzekelo, kusenokuba kuboniswa ukusuka into yokwenene, ngexesha ukuba yinto reference wave esisiso. Akhiwa naziphi wavefronts ezimbini ukuba namathelwano, umlinganiselo uphazamiseko - oku sisixhobo evumela ukuba ukuguqula ngenxa diffraction kwenye yezi Iimbumba kwezinye. Oku kulapho isitshixo efihlakeleyo kwizinto ezenzeka ngayo holography. Dennis Gabor okokuqala kule propati.

Umfanekiso kujongwa eyenziwe yehologram

Ekuhambeni kwexesha lethu, kwaye kwaqalisa ukuba kusetyenziswa isixhobo esikhethekileyo ukufunda ngobumbano - projektha holographic. It ikuvumela ukuba uguqule umfanekiso ukusuka kwiikhosi zeeveki ezimbini ukuya kwezintathu-ntathu. Noko ke, ukuba Ukujonga bumbano elula, umatshini holographic ingafuneki. Ngokufutshane chaza indlela ukujongana ngemifanekiso ezinjalo.

Ukuze ugcine umfanekiso yehologram aphantsi ibunjiwe, kuyimfuneko ukuba niyibeke kumgama imitha 1 ukusuka iliso. Ngenxa diffraction uthango, kufuneka ukuba bajonge indlela apho amaza moya (izakugcinwa) ephuma kuyo. Ngoko njani amaza moya kungena iliso elibukhali, umfanekiso holographic nalo tyaba. Oku kubonakala ngathi "udonga blank" ukuba ngokulungelelana kusibonisa ukukhanya ukuba umbala omnye njengoko ahambelanayo laser. Ekubeni imiqondiso ethile le "Wall" ovinjwa, akunakwenzeka ukuba ukujonga kude kangakanani na. Kubonakala ngathi ukhangela ibekwe kwi Infinity phezu kweendonga, kodwa ungabona yinxalenye kuphela wayo, apho kunokwenzeka ukubona i "window" encinane leyo bumbano. Ngoko ke, i bumbano - ngokulinganayo lakhanya komhlaba apho asikwazi ukubona into elingene ingqalelo.

Le diffraction lwaso (bumbano) ivumela ukuba bagcine imiphumo ezimbalwa ezilula. Banakho ukubonisa ukusetyenziswa ngobumbano kunye nezinye uhlobo. Edlula diffraction nothango, umqadi ukukhanya uphuphu, ukwakha umqadi ezimbini ezintsha. Ukusebenzisa imiqadi laser linokusikhanyisela nayiphi nothango diffraction. Yemisebe kufuneka ibe umbala owahlukileyo ukusuka kuloo ezisetyenziswa ukurekhoda yayo. I-engile ukugoba umbala umqadi kuxhomekeke koko umbala anako. Ukuba obomvu (elide-kwamaza), umqadi loo uyaguqa kwi imo yekona ngaphezu umqadi blue, leyo ombala incinci.

Ziphume Ungatsiba umxube zonke imibala, okt emhlophe. Kulo mzekelo, icandelo ngalinye umbala yehologram uyagoba phantsi engile yayo. Xa imveliso spectrum luqokelelane efana prizim wadala.

Ukubekwa le migca nothango lwaso lobhedu

Nangemivumbo zothango kufuneka zenziwe kufutshane kakhulu omnye komnye ukuba ukugoba wayo semitha ukukhanya. Umzekelo, ukuba ugobile umqadi ezibomvu 20 ° kuyimfuneko ukuba umgama phakathi vee ayidluli 0,002 mm. Ukuba indawo ngokusondeleyo ngakumbi, wokukhanya ukukhanya uqalisa ukugoba ngakumbi. Ukuze 'ukubhala' ipleyiti emkhusaneni elinikiweyo iyafuneka, leyo Unokurekhoda iindawo mncane kangaka. Ngaphezu koko, kuyimfuneko ukuba plate kwinkqubo ubhenciso wahlala lanqumama ngokupheleleyo ngexesha lobhaliso.

Lo mfanekiso unako waluqaba kakhulu nakule mimandla intshukumo encinane, kangangokuba oko bekuya kuba yinto enzima ngokupheleleyo. Kulo mzekelo, sibona akukho ipateni uphazamiseko, nje ipleyiti iglasi kumphezulu wayo yonke zazidla ngokuba mnyama okanye hina. Kakade ke, kulo mzekelo, akuyi kuya kudlala iziphumo diffraction eveliswe yi uthango diffraction.

Transmissive kunye bumbano iingcinga

Siye bahlola diffraction lwaso ibizwa ngokuba transmission, kuba wenza ekukhanyeni agqitha ngaso. Ukuba unobangela komgca Ilibele i engekho kwipleyiti selubala kwaye phezu esipilini, sinokucela diffraction lwaso reflectivity. Kubonisa ukukhanya kwi engile ezahlukeneyo imibala eyahlukileyo. Ngako oko, kukho iiklasi ezimbini ezibanzi ngobumbano - iingcinga kunye transmissive. Okokuqala iqatshelwe ekukhanyeni kubonakala, kwaye eyesibini - ekumisweni.