I-Congress of Berlin ngo-1878

nokuhlasela yimpumelelo atsho Balkans amajoni Russian ebudeni bemfazwe Russian-Turkish, esenzeka kwiminyaka 1877-1878, yanyanzela urhulumente Turkish ukuba zithumele abameli bazo ukuze le ukuxolelana. Umphumo waba ukusayinwa iSivumelwano Berlin.

Phantsi kwemiqathango iSivumelwano of San uStefano kwasekwa geqe - Enkulu Bulgaria, intsimi yakhe sandisiwe ukusuka kuLwandle Olumnyama ukuya kuLwandle iAegean. Turkey kwafuneka ukurhoxisa onke amajoni balo kulo. Kuba Russia ebuya elizweni yesithili Akkerman of Bessarabia, awafika uyasuswa ngo1856 e-Paris Uxolo iSivumelwano, kunye nesithili Izmail. Ukongeza, ubonelela ngokuba kukubuyisela iindleko imfazwe. Nangona kunjalo, i-Berlin Congress ongayi kunikwa ithuba ukuphumeza kuzo zonke iimeko preliminary eRashiya.

ENgilani Austria-Hungary iimeko okunjalo ubhavumo obukhulu. Ekubeni bamba kweConstantinople kunye kwiStraits liphupha-elide emi of England, wayengakwazi imali ukufumana phambi ngokwabo Russian. Ukongeza, urhulumente waseBritani babesoyika ukuba ukufakwa yaseBulgaria kwicandelo sigqithisele kuya kunceda Russia kuba unamandla amakhulu lweMeditera. kungekudala kwabhengezwa ukuba urhulumente British akayi ukwamkela imiqathango yoxolo esebenzayo.

Indawo efanayo wasiwa nentiyo Avsto iHungary, waqalisa ukuhamba amajoni ukuya kumda Russian. Sikunye eNgilani, safuna ukutshintshwa imiba "zonke iziseko zokuqala woxolo 'ukuya Berlin Congress akuyiqonda kwingqungquthela yamazwe ngamazwe. Russia wafumana ngokwayo kwi imeko lithemba, ngokuba imfazwe utsha ne eNgilani kunokukhokelela engozini enkulu, yaye ithemba inkxaso eJamani baba lilize, nangona ukuba Bismarck waxhokonxa Russia ukuba imfazwe ne Turkey. Isiphumo yezi meko ibe Congress of Berlin, nolwathi zihlangene ngo-1878.

Juni 13, 1878 International Congress yavulwa eBerlin. Abathathi-nxaxheba benza mazwe alandelayo: Russia, eJamani, eNgilani, Turkey, Austria-Hungary, Italy, i States Balkan kunye neFransi. "Boss" ayenzileyo, Kakade ke, Bismarck.

Umzabalazo ozakuzo wayesoyika kakhulu. Imvumelwano ka of Berlin wakwazi ukuba ungene kwinyanga nje enye emva kokuvulwa nkomfa.

Nangona yokuba izigaba eziphambili ngesigqibo Congress sele kuchaziwe kwisivumelwano Anglo-Russian, imida Bulgaria abazange ichazwe ngokucacileyo. Le obekho kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba onke amalungu Congress, njengoko abapasileyo Balkan baba zobuchule kakhulu.

ENgilani, kunye nayo, Austria-iHungary, hayi ngaphandle kwenkxaso Germany wenze utshintsho ebalulekileyo imiqathango San Stefano sivumelwano, kodwa disadvantageous kakhulu kuba abantu baseMpumalanga. Imvumelwano ka of Berlin yayikukuba i-Bulgarian seLizwe iya kuba nangona elizimeleyo, kodwa ingumbuso, imimandla umda ziintaba Bulgarian. Emazantsi ukuzimela kwenxenye efunyenwe ngoxa yinxalenye Ottoman. Enye yoko yaba kokubuya eMakedoni phantsi kolawulo Turkey.

I-Congress of eBerlin ngowe-1878 yaqinisekisa geqe eRomania, Serbia kunye Montenegro. Austria-Hungary ekupheleni-thethwano ifumene ilungelo lokusebenzisa Bosnia and Herzegovina, naphakathi yemihlaba kula mazwe savelisa imikhosi Austria-Hungarian. Ngenxa yoko, amagunya wayefuna ukuthintela ubunye ithi benemfundo asebumelwaneni. Ulawulo phezu kunxweme Montenegro ikwabonelela uBukhosi Austria-Hungarian. Iminikelo, apho obekwe eTurkey, wawa ukuya kwizigidi ezingama-300. Engange. Russia wasukuma Kardagan kuphela, Batum kunye Kars, Bajazet kwakhona wabuyela eTurkey.

Berlin Congress redrew kwimephu ye-Balkan Peninsula , yaye ngaloo ndlela yabangela iingxabano ezininzi kule isiqwenga somhlaba ngaphezu isimo ngamazwe iye inkunzi. Kwanasemva kokuba inkululeko ithi Balkan andiyekanga kuba kwibala apho lelaa amagunya enkulu yaseYurophu.