I-hydrogen molecule ubukhulu, ubume ifomula. Yintoni ubunzima molecule hydrogen?

E periodic table inombolo 1 yeyona ixhaphakileyo iphela - hydrogen. ukusasazwa kwayo Ipesenti seliza 75%. Osezantsi imixholo kwalo ngokwemaleko esesibhakabhakeni - 0,0001%. kolu qweqwe lomhlaba iqulethe-1% ngokobunzima igesi. Inani elikhulu kwayo lowu ngamanzi: 12%. On iplanethi yethu, lo ngowona element yemichiza zixhaphakileyo wesithathu.

inkcazelo element

Molecule hydrogen, ogama ifomyula N-H okanye H2, sanikwa iimpawu zomzimba imichiza.

Hydrogen yigesi angenayo akukho umbala, akukho ivumba. Indawo hydrogen kwiTheyibhuli-1 kwi ndawo ngenxa yokuba kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo, le nto ingase ubonakala nje intsimbi okanye igesi. On orbitals yayo electron zangaphandle 1, nto leyo ukunika hydrogen (iipropati metal) okanye uthathe omnye (umgangatho gas).

Netoti kwemolekyuli hydrogen ilingana no 27 NM.

Ububanzi 1A na hydrogen atom, embindini - 0, 41 A.

izakhiwo

Le emzimbeni ibandakanya oku kulandelayo:

1. abilayo - 256 ° ^C.
2. Lokunyibilika: -259,2 ^° C
3. umoya ubunzima (D) - 0.069.
4. Hydrogen ayiqondakali enyibilikayo emanzini.

Mihlaba yamachiza ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

1. Nonpolar iimolekyuli ubuhlobo phakathi kweengqakumbana une amandla 436 kJ / Mol.
2. lobushushu dissociation thermal ngu 2000 ° ^C.
3. Idityaniswe:

• halogens;
• oksijini;
• sulphur;
• nitrogen;
• -nitric oxide;
• izinyithi esebenzayo.

Uhlobo iimeko, hydrogen kwenzeka zombini ekwimo zendalo ngohlobo izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo protium, deuterium kunye eziFihliweyo.

isakhiwo molecule

element molecule has isakhiwo esilula. Ukubunjwa kwemolekyuli hydrogen bubonakaliswe athom ezimbini ziyahlangana ukwenza covalent iqhina non-polar, kwakunye isibini electron. Ulwakhiwo atom yi-1 ngokuqinisekileyo icala isiqalo kuyo usikhuthaza elektroni kakubi ityala,. Le electron ukwakweli Orbital 1.

H - + H = 1e le hydrogen ion yi-HIV.

Eli binzana libonisa ukuba hydrogen na efanayo parameters iziqalelo kwiqela 1 kwenkqubo ngamaxesha athile leyo metal kwealkali (Lithium, isodiyam, potassium), enika electron olulodwa Orbital zangaphandle.

H + H = 1e negative hydrogen ion.

Le equation ibonisa ukuba hydrogen lifana izinto ezifanayo Group 7, ezinako ukukulumkisela ukufumana irhasi kunye electron elingekhoyo kumgangatho electron yangaphandle. iirhasi ziquka: fluoro, chloro, bromo, njl ..

Ukubunjwa kwemolekyuli hydrogen ukuba ngokwegrafu thaca apha.

Umgama phakathi athom hydrogen r = 0,74 A, lo gama isixa radius Orbital ngu 1.06 A. Oku kuchaphazela ubunzulu ukungqubana amafu electron kunye ixesha elide, oluzinzileyo hydrogen bond.

I-atom hydrogen yeyona esisiseko atom indalo. Proton ubungakanani Inyukliya 10.5 A, kwaye sangqa atom omnye 0.1 NM.

izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo molecule kufuneka isakhiwo okhethekileyo. Protium ingxenye atomic ibandakanya Proton enye kuphela. Isotope luchazwa: 1H.

isakhiwo Nuclear ikhangeleka ngathi oluntsonkothileyo a Proton kunye neutron (2H).

3h - ntathu eziFihliweyo - kubume bayo atomic sinikezwe nucleus ye Proton 1 kunye neutron ezimbini.

ubunzima

Zesayensi kukho ifomula ukuba nibale, leyo ilingana ubunzima molecule hydrogen. Ngokumalunga element ukuchaza isiphumlisi kunye atomic.

ubunzima izinyo kwemolekyuli hydrogen ibalwa yi indlela jikelele:

M = m / n, apho m - ubunzima kwento, n - inani labo.

mass Atomic ilingana 1.008 amu Ngenxa yoko, ubunzima isihlobo kwemolekyuli kwakhona ilingana 1,008. Ekubeni molecule hydrogen iqulathe athom ezimbini, ubunzima isalamane atomic ngu 2.016 a. e. m. Ubunzima molecule hydrogen okuvakaliswa grams adla (g / Mol) nganye.

Ixabiso lokwenzeka ngokwendalo

Lo mba ubalulekileyo kwindalo, enza yekhabhoni hydrogen oxygen ngamanzi. Amanzi - umthombo wobomi, ngoko ke hydrogen - yinto into ebalulekileyo.

Kuma-100% yazo zonke izinto yemichiza ezakha medium 1/10 organismal ka, okanye i-10%, accounted for hydrogen. Ukongeza amanzi, ukuba uyakwazi ukugcina isakhiwo koqeqesho lwe kwiproteni, apho kunokwenzeka ngenxa iqhina hydrogen.

Umgaqo complementarity nucleic kwakhona lwenzeka kunye nefuthe iimolekyuli hydrogen. Iseli yezityalo H inxaxheba kwinkqubo yefotosinthesis, biosynthesis, kwi-transfer phezu imiphantsi ndizayo amandla.

isicelo

Kushishino lemichiza, hydrogen isebenza ngokubanzi. Idityaniswa ekwenziweni iimveliso zeplastiki, ukwenziwa isepha, kwakunye ammonia kunye menthol nemveliso.

kushishino Ukutya: ekwakhiweni lweemveliso zokutya, hydrogen idityaniswa njenge E949 additive ukutya. Icandelo ngolo kungabonwa kwi diphu imajarini, amafutha. E949 additive evunyelwe yokudla ye-Russian Federation.

Hydrogen kanye inxaxheba kushishino Aeronautics, njengoko into Ikhaphukhaphu komoya. Ngoko, kwi 30 zenkulungwane yokugqibela, olu hlobo gas egcwele iibhaloni kunye airships. Nangona ngendleko ephantsi usebenziso olulula, kungekudala hydrogen wayeka ukusebenzisa njenge lokufaka, njengoko amatyala moya udubulo.

Namhlanje, igesi olusetyenziswa amafutha esetyenziswa kwishishini aerospace le. Nakuba kunjalo, isicelo yayo uqwalasela iindlela engines ngeemoto abakhweli, iilori, kuba element ngexesha yokutsha ayikhuphi kungena umoya ukungcola eziyingozi, yaye ngoko ke imvelo.

Ebalulekile kwizifundo ze izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo hydrogen kuvela ekwakhiweni amachiza amaninzi. Deuterium lisetyenziswa izifundo amayeza ukujonga ukuziphatha kunye neziphumo beziyobisi emzimbeni. EziFihliweyo isetyenziswa radiodiagnosis ezifana isiqalelo sichaza reactions kwemichiza enzyme metabolic. Iperoksayidi yehidrojeni lilungu, nto leyo zintsholongwane.