Ifilosofi medieval lithi: mngeni, iimpawu, inkcazo emfutshane, amanyathelo

Middle Ages - ukuba phantse iminyaka eli-lamawaka ixesha kwimbali Europe. It evela ekuweni kwi AD ngenkulungwane yesihlanu, uBukhosi baseRoma, ayithimbe feudalism uphele ekuqaleni elinesihlanu, xa le Renaissance.

Ezona mpawu ziphambili zale bulumko obungunaphakade Aphakathi

Features ifilosofi medieval ngokufutshane phambi ukholo lwamaKristu njengesixhobo wahlaba umtyangapho wekhwelo lokumanywa bonke abantu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba imeko yemali, ubuzwe, msebenzi, isini sabo. zefilosofi aphakathi ziye zaqinisekisa ukuba zonke umntu abhaptizwe, wafumana ithuba lokuzuza iinzuzo kubomi elizayo, nto leyo eye kuvinjwa yalo. Inkolelo yokungafi komphefumlo component engundoqo undoqo umntu ngamnye kufuneka phakathi yonke ngukumkani kunye umngqibi, eli mbuthi werhafu, lomntu ke onobu, abagulayo baphilileyo, inkunzi nemazi. Ukuba ngqondweni amanqanaba ngendaleko-bulumko zamaxesha, ngokufutshane, oko kukuthi ukumiselwa le mfundiso of Christianity kunye nokungeniswa inqubo lamaKristu ezingqondweni zikarhulumente ngokungqinelana neemfuno feudalism njengoko yindlela eyintloko karhulumente kumazwe amaninzi ixesha.

Ingxaki-bulumko yobuKristu

Iingxaki eziphambili bulumko aphakathi kuthwa kunzima kakhulu. Ukuba uzama uzisondeze amagama ambalwa, kuba kukusekwa kwe ukubusa umhlaba of the Christian Church, zokuvumela imfundiso yalo ukusuka kwindawo umbono yenzululwazi, kusenezithuba ukuba iyaqondakala kwaye bamkelekile kubantu bawo onke amanqanaba. Enye ngquzulwano eziphambili bulumko aphakathi yayingumxholo universals. Le dichotomy okusemoyeni nto ichazwe kule mpikiswano phakathi nominalists kunye zinjalo. Ngokutsho Fomy Akvinskogo imbono jikelele ebonakaliswa ifom ngokuphindwe kathathu elo. Okokuqala - domaterilny, oko kukuthi ebambekayo, ekwimo isicwangciso lokuqala uMdali. Okwesibini - umbandela okanye yokwenene, oko kukuthi, imbonakalo yomzimba. Okwesithathu - posleveschny, ngamanye amazwi, yathinjwa kwimemori, engqondweni yomntu. UThomas Aquinas aphikise Nominalist Rostselin. umbono wakhe rationalism kakhulu yayikukuqinisekisa ukuba ihlabathi liqonde kuphela ngokwembono nokubaluleka mbandela, kuba universals kuphela zishicilelwe zabo. Kufaneleke ukufunda kuphela oko ngamnye. Asinto ivoti ujingi enye kuphela. The Catholic Church ningabagwebanga imfundiso Rostselina njengoko ingahimbiselani iinkolelo ubuKristu. I-Bona Holy kwavunywa ukuze engenye kwihlabathi uThomas Aquinas. ngokoqobo yakhe eliphakathi Ekugqibeleni kwamkelwa yamaKatolika iCawa njengoko kakhulu esinengqiqo enengqondo lula ukufunda izinto.

UThixo-ofuna - lo ngumsebenzi ophambili zobulumko ephakathi

ngokufutshane ifilosofi medieval inokwalathelwa njengokukhangela kaThixo kunye nokuvuma ubukho bukaThixo. Atomism zobulumko zamandulo zamaGrike waphoswa ngaphandle, ngokunjalo uthixo consubstantial Aristotle, kodwa iimfundiso zikaPlato, ngokuchaseneyo, wabanjwa kule nkalo zintathu waphezulu. Theocentrism ifilosofi medieval ochazwe kancinane secawa. UbuKristu baqalisa ukuba babe ngabantu abakwizihlalo ku lawula ubomi kwezopolitiko ephakathi Europe States. iingxaki kakhulu kweli xesha Kwamacala kunye bulumko aphakathi ngokufutshane zisetyenziswa ngokupheleleyo engangempi yokuqhuba ukuqaliswa lamaKristu indlela yokucinga kobudlelane yemihla ngemihla kwiindawo zokulima phakathi kwabemi kunye nabarhwebi phakathi iklasi knightly.

izigaba ezintathu bulumko ephakathi

Kukho ezi zigaba zilandelayo-bulumko zamaxesha, washwankathela kakuhle eli zilandelayo. uphawu ngokubanzi ngowokuqala - ukusekwa emnye uThixo, ubungqina ubukho bukaThixo, kukhubazeko kwezithethe okuqala zamaKristu neempawu kwibandla lutsha zamaKristu. Isigaba sesibini bulumko aphakathi lizibekele umsebenzi lokumisela ulawulo yebandla lamaKristu. Inyathelo lesithathu intanda aphakathi ngokufutshane ichazwa njenge ixesha zokwazisela lwenza kwixesha iimfundiso zamaKristu elidlulileyo. Ukwahlulwa ezi izigaba ekuhambeni kwexesha kunye nabantu ngokwabo zobulumko zinokuba phantsi kwemiqathango kunene nje, kuba imithombo eyahlukeneyo ibonelele kule intlonipho lwazi azingqinelani. Scholastica, patristic kunye apologetics ezi ngokusondeleyo ziyadlelana munye. Nangona kunjalo, lo axolise kuseyinto ukuba ixesha imvelaphi yemboniselo aphakathi emalunga nenzululwazi yentanda yokuba nokuphila komntu kwaye ithatha malunga nobude bexesha ukusuka yesibini ukuya kwinkulungwane yesihlanu. ngokuqhelekileyo Patristic iqala ngenkulungwane yesithathu kwindawo evelele iyasebenza de ngenkulungwane yesibhozo, scholasticism imelwe kakhulu ngokucacileyo lekhefu ukusuka elinanye ukuya kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesine.

apologetics

Inqanaba lokuqala ichazwe ukuxolisa. abalandeli bayo engundoqo Mangcu Septimius Florent uTertullian kunye Kliment Aleksandriysky. ifilosofi acele uxolo ngakumbi aphakathi zingaphawulwa ngokufutshane echazwa balwa izinto zobuhedeni komyalelo yehlabathi. Ukholo kufuneka isizathu ngasentla. Ukuba ubuKristu ayinakuqinisekisa, kufuneka kuthathwe njengoko inyaniso kaThixo, ngaphandle evakalisa kwamathandabuzo okanye ukungavumelani. Ukholo kuThixo ukuba abe obengo, kodwa kufuneka ukungafi.

patristics

Inqanaba lesibini kukuqinisekisa patristic, ukusukela ngeli xesha akukho mfuneko lokubonisa ubukho bukaThixo. Ngoku zefilosofi kufuneka yamkele yonke into ezayo evela kuye intsikelelo, njengesipho emangalisayo kunye luncedo. intanda ephakathi Eshwankathela kwaye ngokucacileyo kunikezela iVangeli iintlanga lombutho Zomnqamlezo. Ngubani na ibandla lamaKristu nxamnye nayo, ngomlilo nekrele wayitshisa ngaphandle okukhulayo. St. Avgustin Avrely, ngo "bavume" yokuswela kwakhe nokholo kuThixo kunye neminqweno umntu onesono uchaza iingxaki eziphambili bulumko ephakathi. Ubonisa ukuba zonke kakuhle kwihlabathi kaThixo, kwaye emibi - ukuthanda embi yomntu. Ihlabathi wadalwa nto, ngoko ekuqaleni konke oko wazalwa ngendlela elungileyo elungileyo. Le ndoda iye ukuthanda kwakhe yaye ukulawula iminqweno yabo. Umphefumlo womntu awufi kwaye igcina inkumbulo, nasemva kokuba emkile yokuhlala bakhe basemhlabeni - umzimba womntu emzimbeni. Ngokutsho patristic, iimpawu eziphambili bulumko aphakathi ngokufutshane - na iinzame gqolo ukuba ubuKrestu ehlabathini lonke ulwazi kuphela lokwenyaniso malunga ihlabathi nomntu. Oko ngeli thuba zefilosofi ziye zasekwa nezingqinekayo kokufa kweNkosi, ukuvuka kwakhe nokunyuka. Kuye kwasekwa mfundiso ukufika yesibini uMsindisi, uMgwebo Wokugqibela, uvuko jikelele kunye nobomi obutsha kwi wenyama elilandelayo. Kubaluleke kakhulu ukusuka kwindawo umbono ngobukho kwi ingunaphakade likaKristu ibandla kunye nokuqhubekeka ububingeleli ngaphakathi kwayo, yaba ukwamkelwa imfundiso umanyano catholicity beCawa.

scholasticism

Isigaba sesithathu --bulumko zezikolo ephakathi. Inkcazelo emfutshane kwexesha inokwalathelwa njengoko ngokubumba zineziseko Christian Church ezibekwe kwixesha elidluleyo. Kukho izikolo,-bulumko ingena yenkolo. Theocentrism bulumko ephakathi, makayixhome kancinane, kubonakala nokusekwa kwezikolo kunye neeyunivesithi kunye orientation zenkolo. Science and ezoluntu bafundiswa ngokwembono ukholo lwamaKristu. Philosophy uba kwinkonzo wezakwalizwi.

banga- yentanda kunye izazi ezingamaKristu

ifilosofi ephakathi, inkcazelo emfutshane lwalukumanqanaba alo lucidly kuchazwa zezifundo kwimbali-bulumko. Apho unako ukufumana nimkhankanye imisebenzi enjalo ngabantu abacinga abaziwayo kwinqanaba lokuqala, njengoko abameli apologetics uTatian kunye Origen. UTatian waqokelela ezine zeVangeli uMarko, uLuka, uMateyu noYohane zibe omnye. Kamva waziwa ngokuba yiTestamente Entsha. Origen wadala nesebe philology, ngokusekelwe ngamabali yeBhayibhile. Kwakhona fanele ekuqalisweni ingqikelelo kaThixo, umntu ngokunxulumene kuYesu Kristu. Phakathi zobulumko abashiye uphawu kakhulu kule inzululwazi, Kakade ke, singasathethi ke patristic Boethius Anicius Manlius Torquatus Severin. Ushiye ngasemva umsebenzi omangalisayo "Intuthuzelo of Philosophy". ifilosofi ephakathi kwaba ngokufutshane kuthwa kwaye kube lula kubo zokufundisa ezikolweni. Jikelele - ngumqondo ka Boethius. Isinyathelo yayo lweenkalo ezisixhenxe ezingundoqo ulwazi ziye zohlulwa iintlobo ezimbini lwamacandelo. Okokuqala - oku nezoluntu. Xa trohpute yayiquka ubuciko, igrama kunye dialectics. Okwesibini - iinzululwazi zendalo. Kule chetyrohpute iquka geometry, izibalo, umculo kunye neenkwenkwezi. Uye oluguqulelweyo wachaza imisebenzi ephambili Aristotle, Euclid kunye Nicomachus. Scholastica emfundisweni yentanda lisoloko linxulunyaniswa igama Dominican Order indela Fomy Akvinskogo, ngubani systematized ezo postulates zebandla Orthodox, wayiqhubela, ngeziganeko ezintlanu eliGorha lwe ubukho bukaThixo. Wahlanganisa nenengqondo ezinxulumene bulumko izibalo Aristotle zamaKristu neemfundiso, wabonisa ukuba zendalo komuntu, nengqondo kuphuhliso zonke kwangoku siye ukuya ephakamileyo lokuqonda, oko kukuthi, inkolelo yokuba khona kunye esebenzayo inxaxheba ukuyo, onke kunye nezo zingabonakaliyo kuThixo oziqu zithathu emnye. Uthe ke akuyivula waza wabonisa ngokulandelelana isoloko kufezwa xa ingqondo kugqityiwe ngokholo, ngemvelo - ubabalo, nentanda - isityhilelo.

Zobulumko - abangcwele of the Catholic Church

zobulumko ezininzi aphakathi ziye ubhedu yamaKatolika iCawa njengengcwele. It uIrenaeus, Augustine, Kliment Aleksandriysky, Ioann Zlatoust, Albert Veliky, Foma Akvinsky, Ioann Damaskin, Maksim Ispovednik, Grigoriy Nissky, Vasiliy Veliky, Dionisiy Areopagit, Boethius, lamiselwa njengoko Saint Severin, kunye nabanye.