Igama yamandulo kuluhlu izixeko kumaxesha, imbali kunye namanqaku anika umdla

Imbali yabantu ubuyela eminyaka. umdla Huge ke ukufunda zaphawula ezahlukeneyo. Kweli nqaku, umfundi uwazi amagama ezixeko kunye nembali yazo kumaXesha Aphakathi.

Uphawu jikelele lweedolophu ephakathi

Ixesha kumaXesha Aphakathi imbaxa kwaye ludale kwimbali yoluntu. ukubaluleka kwayo ekubunjweni kwizixeko yeyabahlali. Kuphuhliso lwabo bamandulo, ifuthe zinto zilandelayo:

• imizi yaseYurophu ifa iimpawu eziphambili wokulawula uBukhosi baseRoma. Baye yasinda ukuya namhlanje.
• Xa ukuyilwa kwiidolophu aphakathi kudlale iindlela ezinkulu zorhwebo indima edibanisa eYurophu kunye East.

• Yintoni eyayibalulekile apho yoonongendi kunye iinqaba ezibe Ekuthwaseni izixeko elizayo. Nangona nje ezinye yokuhlala yookumkani izinduna negalelo ekukhuleni nophuhliso lwezoqoqosho kweso sixeko.
• Ezibaluleke kakhulu kwakukho imfazwe, eyathatha kangangeenkulungwane ngokuqhubekekayo. Injongo Uyalwa kwesakhiwo waba ubude enkulu, izitrato ezininzi emxinwa, imbonakalo - phantsi.
• Lo mkhuba kumaXesha Aphakathi na uphuhliso lwedolophu-Arabhu. Bona ke yonke kwakhiwa iinkampu zomkhosi. Ukulawula yanqoba lizwe, kwakhiwa kwinqaba iShushan, apho Arabhu ebizwa Shahristani. Kukho nto selezinzile: abalawuli, abo bakhonzi, ngamagosa, amagcisa, amaqembu zomkhosi. Shakhristans yakhelwe ijikeleze yokuhlala, enqatyisiweyo iindonga.
• Empuma yeso sixeko, kumaXesha Aphakathi sahlukile kwabo zaseYurophu. Zikhona kwinkqubo enye karhulumente, kodwa akazange abe nawaphi na amalungelo.

Mdina

Isixeko medieval yaba likomkhulu lokuqala saseMalta. Kwenye indlela ibizwa ngokuba umzi cwaka. Yokuqala ekwahlala kuyo abantu ibhekisela yeBronzi Age, ezilithoba BC. Indawo yokuhlala AsingomaFenike wakhetha encotsheni yenduli. Le ndawo yokuhlala singqongwe ziindonga ukukhusela nxamnye uhlaselo kwezinye izizwe.

Yintoni umdla kule ndawo kwabemi bamandulo? Kukho imithombo komhlaba ngenxa yokuba abantu bakwazi ukumelana elide nasekuxinweni, ngaphandle kokuya ngaphandle izakhiwo zokuzikhusela. Isixeko sele ifikelele nokuchuma ngaphambili, xa yayilawulwa ngamaRoma. Kamva, xa Mdina ulawulo wadlulela Arabhu, esi sixeko zahlulo, esinye sazo yaziwa ngokuba Rabat.

Abanemvume ku Mdina yayiphawuleka kwenye kuwo of basebukhosini. Xa banesifo ka elinesithandathu leminyaka, umzi ithathwa njengommandla ozimeleyo, yena ifumana le meko elizimeleyo zokuhlala. Kuphela emva koko kartel wathabatha ilifa izitshixo mzi. abanini Kamva of Mdina zaguquka izihlandlo ezininzi, yaye nabo iwonga kunye negama imizi ephakathi.

eConstantinople

Imvelaphi yamagama isixeko ephakathi ngokomfuziselo. EConstantinople - isixeko yoBukhosi baseByzantium kunye nezithethe zamandulo olomeleleyo. imvelaphi yalo ezinxulumene kwisixeko samandulo yesiGrike Byzantium. EConstantinople yakhiwa endaweni yayo, kwaye oko kubaluleke kakhulu qhinga: indawo indawo kwisixeko samandulo waba usingasiqithi, apho waya Bosporus, yaye - kuLwandle Black.

Byzantium yasekwa bezithanga ZesiGrike 660 BC, kodwa eConstantinople zagqitha kuye. Lo mmandla sixeko ohlala neenduli ezisixhenxe, njengo eRoma. Ngokutsho kwakhe umfanekiso amandla, ukuze kwakhiwe izindlu ihlelwa eConstantinople kubantu abazizityebi. Imbali kwangexesha lamaByzantine ekuqaleni yamakishwa newonga igunya lehlabathi, apho uthungelwano lweendlela aye alondolozwa, kokubini eRoma yaye yabamba amacandelo ezinkulu zomhlaba kunye ulwandle iindlela. City usesikhundleni omkhulu phakathi enolwandle ngeenxa zombini, i-Black and lweMeditera.

Isixeko ephakathi kwe Romania

Of umdla omkhulu kubantu imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo, ingakumbi ukuba izazinzulu, ukuba umzi ephakathi. Dwelisa amagama kwezinye izixeko egcinwe ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• Sighisoara - isixeko intle e yayo, omi phezu kwentaba. Yena kucingwa kuyo Dracula. Esi sixeko igama waseJamani Shessburg kunye Hungarian - Shegeshvar. Yayisekelwe bezithanga German ngenkulungwane yesibhozo. Bakha inqaba, iicawa, kunye Clock Tower. kwiinkulungwane eziliqela isixeko laba yindawo abezopolitiko kunye nabezomkhosi. Nezikhali, ubutyebi ibiweyo, amaphepha ezixabisekileyo kunye ukutya kwafuneka ukuba zigcinwe kwindawo ethile. nenqaba clock Wayengqongwe ngodonga eyomeleleyo, yaye yonke into igcinwe. Ngu elinesine leminyaka Shessburg ofunyenweyo iwonga a simahla isixeko waza waba ngokukokelayo liziko lorhwebo kunye nokuchwela kwiMpuma Yurophu.

• Brasov - isixeko ayikho ngaphantsi ubuhle Sibiu, kuba abasamkelayo elinye igama - i-isiRomania Salzburg. Ifunyanwa embindini eRomania. Iirekhodi ezibhalwe phantsi lokuqala isixeko lisukela emva 1235. Amagama izixeko aphakathi yaseYurophu bezihlala zitshintsha. Ngoko ke yintoni eyenzeka Brasov. Wabizwa Brasco, Stefanopolisom, Brasso, Kronstadt. I indawo elilungileyo geographical kunye uqhagamshelwano kunye nezinye iindawo zokuhlala ziye zavumela isixeko ukuphuhlisa uqoqosho ngokukhawuleza, ngaloo Brasov kungekudala yaba liziko enkulu yayo.

Igama lika kumaxesha imizi: Georgia and Armenia

kwizixeko ezikhulu eli xesha kwakuba enqabeni esixekweni kunye namadlelo. City ebizwa Shahastan, umlawuli - Amir. amisiweyo wakhe ukumkani. Abahlali yomzi abantu kwiiklasi ezahlukeneyo zentlalo, kodwa inkoliso babengabarhwebeli beeplani. Igama elithile kwiidolophu aphakathi (ngamnye kwabo), cinga oku kulandelayo Georgia and Armenia:

• Ani ubume yesixeko ifunyenwe kuphela kwinkulungwane yeshumi. Phambi kwakukho inqaba phezu komlambo Akhuryan. Elihamba ngokukhawuleza 961, xa wafumana iwonga kwekomkhulu ubukumkani Bagratuni. kweminyaka engamashumi amahlanu kamva yaba neziko elibalulekileyo yakuMbindi Mpuma. Uphuhliso olukhawulezileyo mzi ngenxa, ngaphezu kwabo bonke, indawo geographical ka-Ani imi embindini ubukumkani kunye imida kunye namanye amazwe: Russia, Byzantium, Iran, Aghvank kunye eGeorgia.
• Karin - sisixeko samandulo Armenian. Amanye amagama: Theodosiopolis, ukususela kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinanye - Erzurum. Karin waba ngumzi-inqaba ngeendonga kabini, iinqaba kunye iifolo ukuzithethelela. Karin wacanda imizila enxibelelene empumalanga nasentshonalanga. Kodwa Karin akazange abe esona sixeko kakhulu kweli lizwe ngenxa iimfazwe rhoqo.
• Van - isixeko samandulo eArmenia, umhla apho isiseko ke BC ngenkulungwane yesithoba. Lelona ziko likhulu kwemveliso unokwakhela kunye norhwebo. Masters ngazo izixhobo, izinto zodongwe, izacholo kunye nabaluki.

Izixeko ephakathi kwe Kazakhstan

Imizi yelizwe eli xesha babe ngembali umdla. Kodwa ngoku kuphela iintsalela aye alondolozwa ngabo. Igama lika kumaxesha dolophu e Kazakhstan ingaqhelekanga owayephila indlebe. Ezinye zazo thaca ngezantsi kweli nqaku:

• Otrar. Indawo kwintlambo ye Syr Darya River. Iinzululwazi zizibiza ekudibaneni ababini imilambo, i Syr Darya kunye Arys, Otrar eMeribha. Esi sixeko indawo entle geographical: kokuba kubekwe ekudibaneni kweendlela ezininzi. Yaba indawo inzuzo kwaye kuyingozi enkulu e-Central Asia. Iimfazwe loloyiso, yathatha iinkulungwane, wajika kanye isixeko esifumileyo amanxuwa. Namhlanje, nto ifana open-air imyuziyam.

• Sauran. Esi sixeko yasekwa kwaye izizwe Oguz Kimaks apho azityikitye iimvumelwano kwaye wasebenza. Esi sixeko yinqaba enamandla ezinqatyisiweyo obuluqilima izakhiwo ezizodwa bakwazi ukumelana uwungqinge elide kungekho manzi kunye nokutya. Isimo Ak-mkhosi isixeko capital efunyenwe kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesine. Ngeli xesha, imveliso yodongwe bafikelela incopho. imithombo ezibhaliweyo abonisa ukuba Sauran isixeko esikhulu gqitha.

Ukuqiniswa lwangaphakathi umzi

KumaXesha Aphakathi zokuzifaka apha nokubabiyela osithunyelelwayo sivale kuphela kujikelezo engaphandle komzi; kodwa kwakhona indawo ngaphakathi kuyo. Ngelo xesha kwafuneka ukukhusela isixeko ukungquzulana rhoqo kunye nemikhosi angaphandle kunye lwangaphakathi. Ngexesha ukuhlasela, iqela, abantu kwafuneka ukuba bafune indawo, ngaphaya iindonga zesixeko, apho walinda lokutshatyalaliswa kunqandwa, ngoko iinqaba yakhiwe kwaye phakathi komzi, ukuze bazikhusele iingozi enokulindelwa nangaliphi na ixesha. Le ngozi Ndandisoloko, nakuba kwakungekho sikweni neemfazwe.

Igama yokomelezwa lwangaphakathi kwidolophu Russian aphakathi ixhomekeke kuhlobo ukomelezwa. I ilula yaba uhlobo amatheku. zokuhlala ukhethe indawo ingqongwe nemiwonyo Ngokuqhelekileyo ukusekwa okanye ekudibaneni. Uhlobo kanye isixeko kukhuselwa emacaleni, kodwa kwavuleka kwicala neyophahla. Kule ndawo, wakha iinqaba: emaquleni, kwenqaba, palisades. A Ukuqiniswa jikelele kumaXesha Aphakathi le mizi ngokwabo godlo kunye zakhe ezinde.

Njengomgaqo, nanzo benza kulwakhiwo amandla, yaye ukuba ungenamandla, abefundisi kunye neenkosi wempangelo, njengoko eFransi okanye Italy. Cities e Germany ukuba zokomeleza ngaphakathi, ebizwa nenqaba. Kwakukho imithetho zabo kunye nemimiselo.

anika umdla

• Abantu ngexesha ekuthethwa ngazo apha kunqabile kakhulu bahlamba, kuba babekholelwa ukuba kumzimba amanzi ezingasosulela ngayo.
• Londoners kumaXesha Aphakathi ngamini-nye elahlwe esitalatweni angamashumi amahlanu iitoni ilindle.
• izixeko aphakathi ayengenazo zabahambi Musiqisi kwiindlela. Abantu kwakufuneka ahambe emhlabeni, wazigquma ezibolayo uhlala zezilwanyana, bechola-chola ukutya, ilindle. Ngenxa yoko, ungcoliseko ngokugqithisileyo lezitrato London kukhokelele ukuvela elithile elitsha labantu acoca endleni kunye nenye imfucuza. Aba bantu babizwa Zolotarev, njengoko ngenxa yomsebenzi elimdaka kokuba ihlawulwe imali engakumbi.