Wazikrola imithetho intsika ilitye: imithetho uKumkani uHammurabi

Archaeology ebesoloko wavula kuluntu iimfihlakalo ubomi elidlulileyo. Enye yezona zinto ezixabisekileyo ezenziwe kule nkulungwane yama-20 kwisixeko samandulo eSusa, intsimbi eqingqiweyo tyeni imithetho simiso ndisiphakamisileyo kamva ebizwe yimithetho kaHammurabi. Yintoni na ikhowudi yokuqala, yaye ngubani umdali wayo? Oku kuza kuxoxwa ngoku.

Yayingubani kaHammurabi: ibhayografi emfutshane

Malunga uHammurabi, ukumkani wamandulo waseBhabheli State, phambi kokuba yanyukela kwetrone, omncinane uyaziwa. Ngowe-1793 BC, waba ngumlawuli de ubukhosi yakhe encinane. Phantse nangoko, waqalisa amalungiselelo imfazwe uchuku yommandla umzi-ithi: eLarsa, isin, Malgiuma, Rapikuma kunye Uruk. izicwangciso zakhe ziye zaphunyezwa ekupheleni kuka-1781, kodwa ixesha lethu, okubangela kaHammurabi simanyene emazweni Lower eMesopotamiya ibe ubukhosi enamandla, engazi ukoyiswa.

Ukuveza amandla yasebukhosini kunye nempembelelo elikhulu ubukhosi bakhe phezu ubudlelwane kuqoqosho kunye yorhwebo-mali kule ndawo komelezwa ngamandla akhe yedwa. Kodwa ngaba la maphulo loloyiso waba ngukumkani odumileyo.

Kakhulu nempumelelo ngelo xesha ukwenza uhlobo siseko - kaHammurabi. Wazikrola imithetho wemisa ilitye uYakobi, ngelo xesha wahlala iBhabhiloni, waba lesikhumbuzo zembali nje kuphela, kodwa ngumthombo kakuhle ulwazi malunga isakhiwo sikarhulumente ubomi nentlalo ngelo xesha.

Ukubonakala wemisa ilitye uYakobi kunye nemithetho

imithetho kaHammurabi zibhalwe ngolwimi yaseSamariya, leyo yinyosi ifuze ngoonobumba alfabhethi. Wazikrola imithetho intsika ilitye agcinwe ngokugqibeleleyo, nto leyo kuvunyelwa ukuba sihlole kakuhle zonke iinkcukacha ezisemthethweni kunye karhulumente izixhobo eBhabhiloni ebudeni bolawulo ngunozala imithetho, ngokunjalo kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi emva kokufa kwakhe.

Ngokwakhe intsika eyenziwe abangelwe, iliwa ngokwanelisayo okuqinileyo. inxalenye yakhe phambi eliphezulu surmounted yi BAS-isiqabu of kaHammurabi kuzo uthixo ilanga nguShamash ezo imithetho efanayo.

Ezinye wobuso igutyungelwe ngemibhalo, sichaza umntu kufuneka siphile ngayo kweli lizwe ngaphezu xa sikhokelwa nayiphi na intlawulo, elugcinweni okanye uqhawulo-mtshato, kwaye achonge izohlwayo eziphambili xa kakubi. Okubhaliweyo uwahlule ube zahlulo zithathu enemiqathango: intshayelelo, i-282 ulawulo kunye nesiphelo. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba wazikrola imithetho intsika ilitye azikhange zigcinwe ngokupheleleyo: 35 kubo sele bucinyiwe. Noko ke, bakwazi kwakhona ngoncedo amaxwebhu agcinwe kwithala yokumkani waseAsiriya Ashurbanipal.

Imithetho uKumkani uHammurabi: Ziziphi iinkalo zobomi ilawulwa ngumthetho

KaHammurabi, ngokutsho ebekwe phantsi kwimigaqo lwemihlathi abangelwe, sizama ukulungisa phantse kuzo zonke iinkalo zobomi kwilizwe lakhe. Imithetho ibe ezahlukeneyo izinto entsimini kobudlelwane zorhwebo, ingakumbi nabutyala umthengisi ngenxa yokuthengiswa kweempahla enesiphako, kuquka izacholo, amalaphu aqhelekileyo kunye iinqanawa. Wazikrola ilungelo intsika ilitye ukuchaza ngokweenkcukacha, kwaye neziphumo zalo naluphi na ulwaphulo mthetho, nokuba ubusela, ukubulala ngabom okanye ngempazamo okanye nobugqwirha. Ngaphezu koko, nokulungiselela uxanduva kunye manga. Isixa esikhulu Mthetho lijongana neziko lomtshato kunye nomthetho nosapho, kunye nobudlelwane nempahla.

Ixabiso kwimbali uHammurabi

Kwi ixabiso imbali kaHammurabi unako kugwetywa kuphela kukuba yiyo kuphela kakuhle ezigcinwe, nto leyo livunyelwe kuphela ufunde waseBhabhiloni yamandulo, kodwa malunga nomthetho yamandulo Mpuma jikelele. beza Izazinzulu wafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba ukumkani waseBhabheli, urhulumente esekelwe imithetho yabo imigaqo ezazikho kuluntu ngelo xesha, kodwa ingengabo bonke ukuba enze. Imithetho kaHammurabi ukuba ukuqonda iinkalo ezininzi zobomi eMesopotamiya ngexesha nkulungwane BC-2.