Iimbumbulu Atomic: imbali indalo, photo

Ayikho into ihamba phambili kangangoko imfazwe. Yinto sisiganeko ngokupheleleyo, nangona buhlungu gqitha. Ukuze akhusele ilungelo labo kwintsimi, uluntu qulunqa iindlela nemigaqo ezikuvumela ukuxhathisa utshaba, kufuneka i inzuzo ngamandla namandla kumnandi.

Ukwazi avela 60s

Esinye izinto emangalisayo lubekhona yi yiSoviet izazinzulu-zesayensi ngexesha IMfazwe. Iindaba ukuba iingcaphephe basekhaya kuzo ubugcisa zokhuselo zadalwa kwaye yavavanyelwa iimbumbulu atomic, wavula ngokwentelekiso kutshanje yaye a ukuzwa. Onke amaxwebhu malunga nophuhliso ofihlakeleyo yayigcinwe a ngamehlo abomvu. Kuphela emva yiSoviet Union iwa, kwaye Semipalatinsk yaba yinxalenye Kazakhstan ozimeleyo, imfihlelo waqalisa ukuba ivuze inkcazelo kumajelo eendaba. Kungelo xesha ke oko kwazeka ukuba amele iimbumbulu atomic. Inkcazelo neempawu yale isixhobo fantastic kunyanzeleka yabothusa abantu abaninzi. Akucaci indlela isixhobo elincinane kangaka yenyukliya zinyibilike itanki omkhulu vehicles, kwaye liphelise isakhiwo multi-esinemigangatho.

Mal basusa

Ewe, ubungakanani ezi iimbumbulu sasisincinane kakhulu ukuba isikali kwezixhobo atomic. Nezikhali waba ukuvuleka 14.3 mm kunye 12.7 mm imipu umatshini enzima ilungiselelwe. Kodwa akazange ayeke izazinzulu wadala bullet ukuvuleka 7,62 mm zonke ngqo Kalashnikov umatshini gun. Nanamhla oku, ehlabathini lonke kukho enomjukujelwa atom, nenokuthi xa kuthelekiswa warhead ezincinane ezinjalo.

Isiseko zonke izixhobo zenyukliya into ekuthiwa-izinto fissile. Kuwa Icandelo esebenzayo imelwe uranium 235 okanye neplutoniyam 239. Xa physics enyukliya kukho ingqikelelo "isambuku esinobunzima" - ubunzima projectile, apho ngayo ukusebenza kunye nokwenza ukwanda. Kuba uranium neplutoniyam, le parameter ayikho ngaphantsi kwe-1 kilogram. Ngoko kusengqiqweni ukuba kukho umbuzo entlokweni yam: "Yintoni silwenza iimbumbulu atomic? Kangangoko bodidi omncinane ukuba ilingane amandla kangaka? "

Yintoni ngaphakathi iimbumbulu atomic?

Impendulo elula ngokwaneleyo, kodwa umsebenzi onzima zesayensi Soviet elele emva kwayo. Iimbumbulu Atomic zazenziwe element californium transuranic, okanye ukuba ngqo, ngenxa Isotope yayo eqhumayo. Le into ine weight atomic elingana neeyunithi 252. Okumangalisayo kukuba, i-Isotope of Isalathisi californium yokuba uninzi lwezinto ngezinto 1.8 kuphela g Kodwa asiyiyo na ingenelo ibalulekileyo into emangalisayo. Xa californium yayo ukubola 252 imiboniso ipropati olusebenzayo ngokucandeka ukwenza neutron a 5 ukuya kwi-8. Akumangalisi oku, ekubeni Uranus kunye iPluto bayakwazi ukujikelezisa-2 okanye ezi-3 kuphela neutron. zesayensi eSoviet bavuya ngempumelelo: kwanele ukuthatha i-ertyisi californium lonke 252, yaye ungenza-dubulo omkhulu yenyukliya! Le ukufunyanwa amazing kwaphawula ukuqala uphuhliso yeprojekthi top-imfihlelo ukwenza uhlobo olutsha lwe izixhobo.

Kuba California izazinzulu Ungasebenzisa iindlela ezimbini. I elula kukuqhushumba ukuqhushumba yenyukliya enamandla, izele neplutoniyam. Enye indlela - nokudalwa Isotope kunye reactor atomic. Nangona elula, indlela yokuqala ithathwa ngempumelelo kakhulu, ekubeni ivumela ukufumana lexinene neutron obhobhozayo kunene izihlandlo eziliqela ukuba kwi reactor yenyukliya. Nangona kunjalo, lo nezokukhupha ngendlela California ufuna iimvavanyo zenyukliya eqhubekayo ukusukela ngobuninzi ngembumbulu atomic kufuna wemvula izinto eziyimfuneko ekrwada.

Kubonakala ngathi ukuqhushumba ezincinane atomic?

Emva kokuhlolisisa amaxwebhu kwi projekthi, u unokuthelekelela inkangeleko iimbumbulu atomic. isixhobo kwabo ebalasele lula engakholelekiyo. Isisekelo iimbumbulu - inxalenye encinci California, leyo inobunzima kungekho ngaphezulu kwama-6 grams. Xa uhlobo kufana dumbbell ezibandakanya zifaka amabini kunye kwebhulorho obhityileyo.

projectile zivutha ngaphakathi zibekelelwe ibhola compact ogama lunga nemitha e-bullet kunye ubukhulu 7,62 mm 8 mm. Le ubukhulu kwanele ukuba urhulumente supercritical kwaye zivuse Inyukliya. iimbumbulu Atomic, iifoto apho ubona ngezantsi, equlathwe ngaphakathi uhlobo fuse contact. Inika a isigxina loku-. Oku yindlela elula ngokwaneleyo isixhobo isixhobo esinye sazo. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ubunzima ngembumbulu ezinjalo wajika nogxa onzima kakhulu eqhelekileyo. Kwiipropati ballistic ye fyabo ezibe zisemantloko, emkhonweni kwakufuneka ukuxhobisa enamandla ngaphezu isigxina kwazo.

Kwakutheni ukuze eSoviet Union wayeka le projekthi?

Kukho enye inkalo ebalulekileyo, leyo anazo bullet yenyukliya. projekthi eSoviet ukuphuhlisa nokuphumeza ezingalweni fyabo langoku sele ibekelwe ukuba ubukhulu becala ngenxa yenyaniso yokuba kweqokobhe kuba shushu kakhulu. Xa kuwohloka California kukho ubushushu namandla. Le kwizimanga zendalo, njengoko zonke izinto radioactive ukuba afudunyezwe ukubola. Isiphumo sale nto ke ngakumbi kakhulu, ixesha elincinane isiqingatha-ubomi babo. Ngenxa yoko, bullet atom ezaliswe californium eyenziweyo ukuya watts 5 lwamandla thermal. Kunye nale nkqubo kukho utshintsho iipropati ye neziqhushumbisi kunye fuse ngokwayo. Kuyingozi kakhulu kukuba le zokufudumeza ngokukhawuleza kwaye womelele kunokubangela i jam imbumbulu egumbini okanye umphanda, kwabakho ingozi enkulu dubulo yezizwe bullet xa agxothwe.

Ngenxa yezi meko, kwafunyaniswa ukuba zokugcina ngembumbulu atomic kufuna ifriji ezizodwa. Le yunithi yaba ipleyiti yobhedu ubukhulu ka-15 cm, exhobele kunye Iziseko kwemijikelo-30. Kwisithuba phakathi kweqokobhe ngamajelo phantsi refrigerant koxinzelelo ngeli, apho waba ammonia ulwelo. Le nkqubo ngaphandle obushushu ayinqwenelayo kweqokobhe -15˚S. Okupholisa amandla ezahlukeneyo phezulu (200 watts) kunye nobunzima kakhulu ka-110 kg. Ukuhambisa le ukwakhiwa kunokwenzeka kuphela ngokusebenzisa izithuthi ezikhethekileyo wamnika eninzi ngokuphazamiseka.

Xa izixhobo kwenkqubo uhlobo iibhombu zoqobo, okupholisa intlawulo kwakhona yeyona nto ebalulekileyo kulwakhiwo, kodwa ibekwe ngaphakathi. Kwimeko ngembumbulu atomic yabona imfuneko ukunciphisa kweqokobhe lobushushu engaphandle.

Eyona lokusebenzisa iimbumbulu yaba ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: ukuba kugcinwe kwifriji e -15˚S. Xa iqokobhe isusiwe kwivenkile, kufuneka isicelo kangangesiqingatha seyure. Ngeli thuba ixesha elifunekayo ukufaka imbumbulu evenkileni gun, nto leyo imi kwindawo ukudutyulwa, uthabathe zijolise kunye nokuchaneka ezifunekayo kwaye wenze edubuleyo. Ukuba ukulwa akazange abe nexesha ukugcina phakathi kolu luhlu, bullet kufuneka zibuyiselwe efrijini ukuze zokugcina. Le projectile, nto leyo eye eyazene ngaphandle iimeko ezifanelekileyo zokugcina ngaphezu kweyure, ukuba kutshatyalaliswa ngokusebenzisa izixhobo ezizodwa.

Amanqaku iimbumbulu atomic

Izazinzulu ziye zachongwa enye isiphako esikhulu, apho luphawulwa iimbumbulu atomic. ezi mvavanyo amaqokobhe wabonisa onomlinganiselo ophezulu kwezalathisi kozinzo yakhululwa amandla kwi dubulo. Le rate akwazi ziyahluka ukusuka kg 100 ukuya kuma-700 ka-TNT elingana. ukubaluleka kwalo kuxhomekeke ngqo kwi iimeko apho iimbumbulu egcinwe, kunye nezinto ekujoliswe kulo.

Amava abonisa ukuba iimbumbulu atomic - kuyinto okhethekileyo nohlobo dubulo. Zahluke kakhulu ukusuka njengesiqhelo atomic ibhombu nemichiza weziqhushumbisi, ezo zabelwe ukudiliza imiqulu emikhulu neegesi ezishushu. Iqondo lobushushu ufikelela amakhulu amawaka izidanga. A ibhola encinane imali encinane kwentlawulo ayikho ngokwasemzimbeni nako ukuxelela bume bakhe amandla ngokucandeka enyukliya.

Siyakwazi ukubona indlela enamandla ngayo dubulo iya kuba 100 eekhilogram neziqhushumbisi. Iimbumbulu Atomic luphawulwa nothuke wave buthathaka, kodwa lona kunoogxa babo wemichiza kumanqanaba kwemitha. Ngokuphathelele kule imeko data oonokrwece ukuba isetyenziswe kuphela ukuba litshitshiswe iinjongo zikude. Kodwa ukuba nako ukugcina utolo ukusuka exposure ebalulekileyo. Seva, sebenzisa iimbumbulu atomic, ayengavunyelwa ukuba kutolwe Ungqabhuko elide nokuvelisa imijikelo ezingaphezu kwezintathu.

Ndingayifumana phi ukusebenzisa ezi iimbumbulu?

Vuma, le projectiles - kunokuba ahlekisayo ukusebenzisa izixhobo emkhosini, kwaye umbuzo olandelayo: "kusetyenziswa phi na iimbumbulu atomic? Ukuze kuyitshabalalisa loo iinjongo ukuba ezinye endaweni yazo? "Le isikrweqe Itanki mihla womelele ngokwaneleyo ukuqinisekisa ukuba projectile ngenqindi ngawo. Nangona kunjalo, oku akuyomfuneko. Xa lesitofu itanki bullet atom sokunikela imali ubushushu ukuba umaleko olukhuselayo ukusuka lupwa isithuthi emoyeni nje, kunye zinyibilikile metal. Ngenxa yoko, ezinqunquthayo waba inqaba kwenye indawo kunye netanki yaba ekumiseni ngokupheleleyo kwaye asihambelani ukuze zisetyenziswe kwisifundo. Enye bullet atomic uyakwazi ukujika eluthulini cc izitena imitha.

Sondo ngeenyawo zodaka

Kodwa kule sondo uye ndawo yayo ibuthathaka. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba iimbumbulu atomic eyele bume emanzini, kuqhuma nuclear kwenzeka. Oku kubangelwa yinto yokuba eliphakathi ulwelo lidla ukuba isantya kwaye zibonisa neutron. Le propati iye kuthathelwa ingqalelo zizazinzulu kunye namatanki Soviet waqalisa ukukhusela kwiitanki ngamanzi. A uhlobo isikrweqe ukhusela izithuthi yokulwa evela iimbumbulu utshaba, California.

Exabiso likhulu, zidale exotic

Imbali iimbumbulu atomic kwanyanzeleka ukuba ukutshona zisabonakala kunye nokuqaliswa kwesithintelo izixhobo zovavanyo sinezinto ubunakho zenyukliya. yonke le ngxaki yayikukuba ezo zolondolozo California, leyo wakwazi ukufumana nge udubulo ezinamandla shwaka kunokuba ngokukhawuleza. Kwakukho kuphela enye indlela yokufumana - ngokusebenzisa reactor yenyukliya. Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela yayigqalwa eninzi kunye nongeniselo element onexabiso elincinane. Olu hlobo iimeko zazivela ngenxa yokusilela imfuneko yophuhliso lwezinto kuphuhliso iimbumbulu atomic. Bakhokele imikhosi ukuziphendulela lizwe yagqiba ukuba utshaba kutshabalalisa izixhobo, nto leyo musa kufuna umzamo omkhulu kangaka kwimveliso, ukugcinwa nokuphathwa. Ngokuphathelele kule projekthi "iimbumbulu Nuclear" USSR balisonge wathumela ukuqokelela uthuli ezishelfini imfihlelo-mpepha.

Ngoku funda uphuhliso kwaloo minyaka, mhlawumbi ndibe kwindawo ethile kwiimyuziyam okanye ingqokelela zabucala iincwadi ezinqabileyo, kodwa impumelelo yabo kudala ilahlekile. Isibakala sokuba lokugcinwa ezi iimbumbulu kuphela iminyaka emithandathu. Mhlawumbi ngelo xesha, yaye uphando lobunzulu ukuphucula kweqokobhe zenyukliya ukujikeleza eCalifornia, kodwa kufuneka achithe omnye umsebenzi yemidlalo ukuze babe bekhululekile ukusebenzisa nokunciphisa iindleko imveliso yazo. Melana imithetho physics kunzima kakhulu. Kunjalo, njengoko bullet Californium atom njengoko ukuwavala aneempawu ezingalunganga:

• kushushu kakhulu ngexesha yokugcina;
• Kufuneka Ukupholisa rhoqo;
• kufuneka zisetyenziswe ungadlulanga owe ngaphezu kwesiqingatha seyure emva defrosting;
• amandla ezingazinzanga wengozi le dubulo yoyalo;
• bangabi wadibana ngamanzi kokusingqongileyo;
• kwimveliso California ngendlela reactor yenyukliya - yinkqubo ende kwaye iyabiza.

Zizo zonke ezi meko yaye isizathu sokuba iprojekthi emangalisayo ebizwa ngokuba "iimbumbulu Nuclear" USSR uye wagcinela de amaxesha ngcono. Oku nkqu kuphuhliso olungaphezulu kwezixhobo yasemkhosini nosizi imali. Ubunkokeli lizwe kuye ekuthini iprojekthi ayisebenzi exotic kakhulu ukuba ekuqaleni nenani-80.

Okwangoku, Russia bexhobele kunye enomjukujelwa kunye nomoya zokhuselo iinkqubo eziliqela mobile, ezifana i "Strela" yaye "Igla". Xa design yabo inkqubo homing efuna Ukupholisa ukuba -200˚S. Oku kufezwa ngokunika eliphakathi kwi-nitrogen engamanzi kwaye ibiza kakhulu. Noko ke, oku akuthethi kuthi namkhusane iSebe lezoKhuselo kuye ekuthini le isixhobo ngezikhali ngokungeyomfuneko nzima yaye ayiloncedo. Ukugcinwa alwayo ngamandla urhulumente Mathews ukusetyenziswa kobugcisa ezibizayo. Mhlawumbi ephathwayo injini encinane of ngembumbulu enyukliya iza kuphuhliswa kwixesha elizayo, yaye baya axhobe kunye namajoni kakhulu zesiqhelo.

Uphuhliso izixhobo ezincinane senyukliya US

Malunga ngubani kuqala owasungula iimbumbulu atomic, kwaye ngoku ndingayeki mpikiswano. Sisihlandlo sokuqala ngezikrweqe ultra-amancinane enamandla kwavela 60s kwenkulungwane yokugqibela, xa imeko ihlabathi eliqhubela kuphuhliso lwamashisini emkhosini. Amaphepha emibuzo iingalo ezisebenza amanyathelo eyonakalisayo ngoko kwakukubi kakhulu, kwaye kwamagunya amakhulu amabini - i-US kunye eSoviet Union Kwathi, akusondela ukuba ekudaleni kobuchwepheshe ukugcina ukulingana emkhosini. Abaphengululi abaninzi oyikholelwayo ukuba iimbumbulu atomic - iingqondo zoshishino kunye nezandla ineengcali yaseMelika. Xa intliziyo yabo - ingcamango yokutshatyalaliswa izidalwa abahlala kumgama owela ngaphakathi kwama elithile le projectile kusetyenziswa ebetha igesi ekhethekileyo kuveliswa ngexesha ngeeatom. Kwi-USSR uphuhliso ngembumbulu atomic ithemba lokuba kujongana utshaba enokwenzeka.

Namhlanje, kiswano evelayo xa kuthethwa projekthi kuhlala, ibiya, isihloko wahlala kwinkulungwane yokugqibela. Noko ke, le ncwadi esandukubakho American eendaba wenza wonke umntu ucinga ngezinto iimbumbulu zenyukliya. E Texas, iqela zesayensi lenze ii-experimenti ezininzi ezinxulumene ukuvavanya ukuqhushumba ezele ചിഹ്നം uphawu isomer. Ukuze ufumane into, ilungu engundoqo okufakwe kunye X-ngamaza. Izazinzulu nqa: inkqubo eyayabelwe umlinganiselo wamandla engaphezu amaxesha 60 iindleko lokwaluka. Umgangatho kwimitha onesiphumo iqulethe ncakasana gamma-spectrum, nto leyo kuphazamisa eziphilayo. ചിഹ്നം uphawu amandla yokubhubha kulingana nama-50 kg TNT elingana. Olu hlobo isixhobo yamkela imithetho naweebhombu mini-enyukliya okanye ukucwangcisa i mini-Newco, nakuzo izinto ezibhaliweyo kule yokhuseleko Bush Imfundiso.

Akwaziwa nokuba kumba wophuhliso zisendleleni eRashiya, ke, mhlawumbi kwixesha elizayo izazinzulu lethu liya kuba benento yokuthetha kuphuhliso oogxa yaseMelika.