Iimpawu ubume be-athom metal

Table of imichiza kunye neempawu apha iquka izinto ezingamakhulu amahlanu ezahlukeneyo. Ubuninzi kubo metal. Ezi iikhemikhali yanwenwa kakhulu kwiplanethi yethu. Metals ifumaneka iikhompawundi ezahlukeneyo emoyeni, yaye ehlabathini, njengoko inxalenye eziphilayo nezityalo, kwakunye amanzi ezilwandle, iilwandle, amachibi kunye nemilambo. Iipropati lwemichiza ezi izinto ngqo kakhulu. iimpawu zabo ziye zathi umahluko ezintweni namanye amaqela. Umzekelo, ukuba umba bobabo kudidi ngesinyithi, ngoko ke kufuneka kubeka waphawula uluhlu ezithile iipropati:

- phambi isakhiwo crystalline ashinyeneyo;
- ayenechaphothi ngokukhawuleza;
- ukukwazi ukuba Unikezelo lombane;
- ngezinga eliphezulu conductivity thermal;
- ukuncipha ukukwazi ukuqhuba umbane kunye nokwanda kulawulo thermal;
- elektroni bahlehla kancinane;
- malleability kunye ductility;
- ukukwazi ukwenza aluminium ezahlukeneyo.

Ubume intsimbi, echazwe usebenzo lesayensi, imele ngembonakalo yikristale ngekroba. Xa kwalo kukhona electron simahla kunye ion ukuba intlawulo entle. Le crystal ngokwayo imelwe kwifomu emkhusaneni ukuba isakhiwo lwendawo. Iindawo zale nkqubo zihlala ion kunye electron phakathi kuzo ukuba eliphezulu umthamo ukuhamba. Ubume bale atom zesinyithi kuvumela amasuntswana eqhubayo bahlale ezihambayo. Elektroni yokutshintsha phakathi athom, kwakunye ajikeleza ngeenxa nuclei zabo. Ukwazi iimpawu noshowo ezi athom yesinyithi ngokulula ukuchaza kukuvela umsinga wombane kulo. Kubonakala phantsi kwempembelelo okunamandla umahluko xa electron ukuba akukho neentlobano zokwazana ion baqalisa odolwe sindululo kwicala elinye.

Ezi mpawu noshowo ezi athom yesinyithi aze enze izinto eziphakamileyo conductivity data thermal. Electron ezenza intshukumo eqhubekayo, bacebisane ion amandla ngexesha yokungqubana kunye yokugqibela. Izinto ukuba kwi kwiindawo emkhusaneni nokudlulisela intlokoma ukuba amasuntswana angabamelwane olandelayo, njalo njalo. Ngenxa yoko, inkqubo ubushushu metal imo ezinzileyo. Ngenxa yoko, ubushushu uba efanayo kulo lonke ubunzima.

Iimpawu ngesakhiwo-athom zesinyithi sele likhona phakathi kwe covalent bond umlinganiswa. Xa crystal Ilibele ukho nje ngamandla pendant etsala electron kunye ion. Le ubuhlobo metal ekhoyo phakathi kweengqakumbana le element. Olu hlobo lonxibelelwano ekhoyo nkqu phambi imo yolwelo zenkqunto. Ukusuka oku, kunokwenziwa isigqibo sokuba ulwalamano metal akanawo amasuntswana ngamnye. It wawo umbane wabo osimahla.

Ngokwembono chemistry, ingakumbi isakhiwo se-athom etyhidiweyo electron bahlehla njengokuba anencasa Valence utshintsho ngoxa ion. Ngenxa yoko, le nto ngokwayo isebenza reductant amandla. Ukukwazi ukunikezela electron zabo izinyithi ezahlukeneyo esibonakaliswa ngokwamazinga ezahlukeneyo. Le lula le nkqubo lwenzeka, sisebenze ngakumbi uthathwa ukuba i element. Ngaloo ndlela intsebenziswano yayo kunye nezinye izinto ubuninzi kwenzeka ngamandla. Kukho eziliqela ntshikilelo, leyo ebesiqulunqwe yi an onamava Beketov - yemichiza Russian. Metals kolu luhlu ngokulandelelana oluphawula ukubola umthamo wabo imichiza umsebenzi. Ngokusekelwe inani ntshikilelo, sikwazi iimpawu element:

- ngelixa kuncitshiswa electrode enokubakho ye intsimbi kwandisa umsebenzi lalo loguqulelo;
- nga bathabath 'iintsimbi ukusuka brines ezo zinto ezo akalahlwa emva kwabo thotho electrochemical;
- isinyithi, ezilahlwayo kuluhlu ekhohlo hydrogen esebenzayo, unako asuse lee izisombululo emuncu.