Ukubunjwa, Isayensi
Yintoni radiation kulinganiswa? radiation ionizing
Le mbono "radiation" sele ngokuqinileyo ezingqondweni zethu into embi kakhulu kwaye iyingozi. Noko ke, abantu bayaqhubeka ukulusebenzisa iinjongo zabo. Yintoni enyanisweni? Yintoni radiation kulinganiswa? Njani buchaphazela esiphilayo?
Komlilo kanye imisebe
Latin radiation radiation igama eliguqulelwe ngokuthi, "izibane" "ukukhanya", kwaye igama elithi ngoko kubonisa inkqubo ukukhutshwa amandla. Amandla Ukhuthaza kwindawo ngokohlobo imijelo ngamasuntswana kunye namaza.
Kukho iintlobo-ntlobo kwemitha - mhlawumbi thermal (infrared) ukukhanya, yiultraviolet, ionizing. Owokugqibela ke kuyingozi kakhulu kwaye iyingozi, apha ziquka alpha, beta, wesigrike, neutron nama-X-reyi. Kuyinto i amasuntswana engabonakaliyo ezincinane ekwaziyo ionizing iziyobisi.
Imitha akezi ngokwalo, oko ukhandwa izinto okanye izinto kunye iipropati ezithile. Eziba athom ezi izinto ezingazinzanga ukubola sekuqala ziveza amandla. Ukukwazi izinto kunye nezifundo ukuba ionizing (radioactivity) radiation ekuthiwa yemisebe.
imithombo radioactive
Ngokwahlukileyo uluvo yemisebe - nto kuphela izityalo amandla enyukliya kunye zibhombu, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba kukho iindidi ezimbini kuwo; kokwemvelo sokwenziwa. I yokuqala ekhoyo phantse kuyo yonke indawo. Ku va xi nga ayikhuphi iinkwenkwezi ezifana ilanga lethu.
On Earth, imisebe abe amanzi, umhlaba, isanti, kodwa idosi radiation kule ityala elikhulu kakhulu. Ezi ekungabonini ukusuka-5 ukuya 25 roentgens micro ngeyure nganye. Ukwazi ukuba kwimitha kwaye anazo langa ngokwaso. izibilini zayo aqulathe nobuninzi ngezixhobo radioactive, umz, amalahle okanye uranium. Le propati bade izitena.
abantu radiation ezingezizo ifunyenwe kuphela kwinkulungwane XX. Umntu uye wafunda ukusebenza izinto ezingundoqo ezingazinzanga ukuvelisa amandla yokukhawulezisa intshukumo kwamasuntswana icala. Ngenxa yoko, loo mthombo sentsimbi radiation, amandla enyukliya izixhobo zenyukliya, izixhobo moshilongo kunye neemveliso igu-.
Yintoni radiation kulinganiswa?
radiation mhlobo ihamba ziinkqubo ezahlukeneyo, Noko ke, kukho iiyunithi ezininzi abonakalisa isenzo ionizing imisinga kunye namaza. Amagama oko kulinganiswa kwimitha, badla ezinxulumene ne amagama izazinzulu abahlola naye. Ngoko ke, becquerel apho, Curie, namacici ze-X-reyi. Kuba kuvavanyo kwinjongo radiation walinganisa ngeempawu radioactive materials :
njengoko kulinganiswa yi | Yintoni na radiation kulinganiswa |
umsebenzi umthombo | Bq (Becquerel), Ci (Curie) |
fluence |
Ifuthe radioactivity kwi izihlunu non-lokuphila ngokolu hlobo lulandelayo:
njengoko kulinganiswa yi | inani | iyunithi yokulinganisa |
umthamo ithathe | inani amasuntswana imitha leyo basenokuba into | Wulwe (grey), linovuyo |
umthamo exposure | ubungakanani radiation lilo iqondo ionization wenkqu + | P (X-ray), K / kg (Coulomb ikilogram) |
neziphumo radiation on eziphilayo:
njengoko kulinganiswa yi | inani | iyunithi yokulinganisa |
umthamo elingana | ithamo radiation sathatha liphindaphindwe ngumba iqondo ingozi lohlobo radiation | SV (Sievert) rem |
ithamo ngempumelelo esilingana | udibaniso ngokwemithamo elinganayo kuwo onke amalungu omzimba, kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukusebenza yonke ingxenye | SV crbl |
rate umthamo elingana | ukusebenza yezinto eziphilayo radiation; ngokuba ixesha elithile | SV / h (Sievert ngeyure) |
exposure Human
Imitha yelanga kunokubangela utshintsho zebhayoloji noqhekeko emzimbeni. amasuntswana Fine - ion zingene kwezihlunu ephilileyo nawaphula imixokelelwane phakathi iimolekyuli. Kakade ke, isiphumo kuxhomekeke ithamo yemisebe ifunyenwe. Natural imitha background ayikho kuyingozi ubomi, kwaye awukwazi balahle loo nto.
neziphumo Imitha on abantu kuthiwa zokukhanya. Kusenokuba somatic (ngokomzimba) kunye yemfuza. imiphumela radiation Somatic ebonakaliswa uhlobo lwezifo ezahlukeneyo: nangezilonda, leukemias, ukuphazamiseka amalungu. Eyona ukubonakalalisa sisifo radiation ngegalelo ubungnqongqo.
imiphumo Genetic of radiation zibonakale besaphula lwemizimba neqanda okanye kuchaphazela impilo izizukulwana ezizayo. Enye ezibonisa isiphumo yemfuza izakhi.
Ukukwazi gaze lwemitha
Ngelishwa, uluntu iye yaba ithuba ukuze ufumanise ukuba yeyiphi na amandla radiation. Iingozi ezenzeke eUkraine kunye Japan, ifuthe kubomi babantu abaninzi. Phambi kokuba Chernobyl kunye Fukushima uninzi ihlabathi ukucinga malunga nendlela yemisebe yesenzo kunye namanyathelo yokhuseleko zilula.
Ionizing imisebe yamasuntswana okanye umsinga ziluhlaza, iye iindidi eziliqela, nganye eneyazo ubuchule layo gaze. Songqamano olubuthathaka kakhulu imitha Alpha okanye amasuntswana. Isithintelo kunye isikhumba iimpahla ezingcakacileyo kubo. Ingozi ithe yahlangana ngqo kunye nemiphunga okanye lokugaya.
Amasuntswana beta ezi elektroni, ukulibaziseka zazo iglasi obhityileyo, izinto ngamaplanga. -X-reyi kwaye-ekhatywayo nth ingcambu reyi azingene izinto kunye amalaphu zingcono. Bayakwazi ukubamba isitya elikhokelayo, kukho imitha zamafu, okanye amashumi eziliqela seemitha eziphathekayo. radiation neutron kwenzeka imisebenzi xa ngumntu ngexesha ngeeatom.
Ukuze kungahlalwa ngezinto ukusetyenziswa equlethe hydrogen, beryllium, mifanekiso, kusetyenziswa amanzi, polyethylene ngumthwebeba.
isiphelo
Ngengqiqo ebanzi, imitha - Imitha yinkqubo avela na emzimbeni. Ngokuqhelekileyo eli gama lisetyenziswa ngendlela kubhaliwe ionizing radiation - ngumsinga amasuntswana ezinesiqalelo ezinokuthi kuchaphazela izinto eziphilayo. Umphumo radiation kunokuba ezahlukileyo, konke oko kuxhomekeke idosi.
Imisebe yendalo sidibana yonke imihla, kuba ngeenxa zonke kuthi. imali yayo kudla ezincinane. radiation ezingezizo kunokuba yingozi kakhulu ngakumbi, kunye neziphumo ngokuzimiseleyo.
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