Iinqununu kwiRoma yakudala yintoni?

Inqununu yaseRoma yakudala yithuba elikhethekileyo kwimbali yobukumkani bakhe bokuqala, obususela kwi-1 leminyaka BC. E. Ngaphambi kwekhulu lesi-3 AD. E. Amandla omlawuli kweli xesha adibanisa iimpawu zobukhosi kunye neeriphabliki. Intloko karhulumente yayibizwa ngokuba yi-princeps, oko kukuthi, ngowokuqala phakathi. Ngaloo ndlela, uhlobo lwentando yesininzi lwamandla akhe lwagxininiswa. Kwakhona wayebhekwa njengengxowankulu yabantu, ngaloo ndlela ukudibanisa imisebenzi emininzi namagunya kumntu wakhe.

Ukuqalisa

Inqununu yaseRoma yaseMandulo yindlela ekhethekileyo kaRhulumente, iziseko zazo ezazibekwa nguJulius Caesar. Nangona kunjalo, indalo yokugqibela yale nkqubo yelizwe ibuyele kwixesha lokulawula kwakhe, u- Octavian Augustus. Ngekhulu le-1 BC. E. Amaziko eRiphabhliki ayeke ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zonyuka kakhulu. Nangona kwakukho umgaqo-dolophu, abaphathi babantu bangasebenzisa ngokufanelekileyo ukulawula nokulawula, nangona kunjalo, xa ubukhosi buqala ukuqulunqwa, la maziko awaxhatshazwa ngemisebenzi yawo. Inqununu yaseRoma yakudala yinkqubo yenguqu phakathi kweRiphablikhi kunye nobukhosi obusemthethweni. Inyaniso kukuba uKesare akazange alinde ngokukhawuleza amaziko asekuhlaleni aseRubhuliki aze avelise indawo yabo kwinkqubo yolawulo egcinayo iimpawu zolawulo oludala, kodwa ngexesha elifanayo lncedisa ukuqinisa igunya lomlawuli oyedwa.

Impawu zeRiphabliki

Ngenkqubo entsha, iimpawu zoburhulumente bamandulo zigcinwa. Ngokomzekelo, iindibano zabantu zaye zahlanganiswa. Ngaphantsi kwesi sifundo, inzululwazi ibonisa ukuguqulwa kwabo bonke abantu abadala ukuba basombulule izinto ezibalulekileyo zezopolitiko. Ngexesha leRiphabhlikhi yakudala, iintlobo ezininzi zeendibano ezinjalo zihlangene kwisixeko: zicatshungulwa, ziphezulu kunye neyendalo yonke, ngaphandle kwemimiselo. Inqununu yaseRoma yasendulo yinqanaba elo liziko elibalulekileyo ligcinwe, kodwa ngeli xesha lilahlekelwe lixabiso. Ngaphezu koko, baqaphela urhwaphilizo, ukukhwabanisa kunye nobudlova kumalungu amabhunga.

Isikhundla seSenate

Lo mzimba obalulekileyo wolawulo uphinde wabuya, kodwa ukususela ngoku ngokuqinisekileyo amagunya ayo aphelelwe. Umsebenzi wamalungu ayo wawuncitshiswa ekuvunyelweni kwemithetho evela entloko yombuso. Ngaloo ndlela, iRoma yakudala yayibheke kakhulu. Ixesha leNqununu liphantse litshintsha ngokupheleleyo ukubonakala kwayo kwezopolitiko, nangona kubonakala kukugcinwa kwenkqubo endala. Ngoku i-senate yayingumqoqo wabameli beentsapho zakwa patrician zasendulo ezikhokelwa ngu-emperor ngokwakhe, owayebizwa ngokuba ngowokuqala phakathi kwabo. Ngaphantsi kweDiocletian, eli bhunga elilawulayo laguqulelwa libhunga leedolophu, kwaye phantsi kweConstantine i-senate yesibili yenziwa kwinqununu entsha, eyafana neyokudala. Ngaloo ndlela, enye yeempawu ezibalulekileyo zelizwe elidala ligcine lilahlekelwe lixabiso elibalulekileyo.

Ukuguqulwa kweAgasto

Inkqubo karhulumente yenqununu yaseRoma yasendulo yaqala ukutshintsha ekupheleni kwekhulu leminyaka BC. E. - 1 yeXesha leminyaka E. Kwakuloo mlawuli ukuba i-senate iphendulwe kwiqumrhu lomthetho ukuya kwiziko lemithetho. Inyaniso kukuba umlawuli omtsha ngazo zonke iindlela ezibonakalayo wabonakalisa ukuzibophelela kwakhe kulawulo lokudala ukuze alondoloze impembelelo yakhe phakathi kwabantu kwaye aqinise isimo sakhe. Ilungelo lomthetho wamanyathelo lahlala kumantyi. I-Senate igcine imisebenzi yamatyala, nangona eqinisweni onke amandla amakhulu kule ndawo ayigcinwa ngumlawuli. Ngaloo ndlela, ngokukhawuleza ukusuka kwiRiphabhlikhi ibe yiparsi yajika iRoma yaseMandulo. Ubukhosi bokuqala (inqununu yayisigaba sawo sokuqala) sasigcina ukubonakala kwenkqubo yangaphambili yedemokhrasi.

Umzimba omtsha

Umlawuli ngokwakhe ulahlwa yiwo onke amacandelo karhulumente, nangona kukho konke kunokwenzeka ukugcizelela ukugcinwa kokubaluleka kwe-senate. Nangona kunjalo, into yokuba lo lawulo lolawulo lulahlekelwe ukubaluleka kwalo lubonakaliswe kukuba phantsi kweAgasto iqumrhu elitsha leluleki lwakhiwa - ibhunga leenkosana. Kwimisebenzi yakhe yilungiselelo leeprojekthi ezahlukahlukeneyo, ezathi zithunyelwe kwiSenethi ukuba zivunywe, kunye nenqaku lokuba umbusi wamukelwa icebo, eqinisweni lithetha ukuba kufuneka imvume yakhe. Kulo bhunga likhethwe abaphathi bee-senators, abaqhagamshelana kunye nabameli boomantyi. Ngomnyaka we-13 n. E. Isakhiwo somzimba senze utshintsho oluthe ngqo kwindlela yokuqinisa amandla omkhosi, njengoko amanye amalungu ayo afumana isimo sabacebisi bonke ubomi kumlawuli, kwaye imimiselo ifumene amandla omthetho.

Utshintsho kwi-Senate

Inkqubo karhulumente yaseRoma yaseMandulo ngexesha leNqununu liye lafumana utshintsho olubalulekileyo kwindlela yokunyusa amandla omlawuli. Ngo-Agasti wanquma ukunciphisa inani labathathi-senisi, inani lalo liye landa kakhulu ukusuka ekulawulweni kwababengaphambi kwakhe. Ngonyaka 29 n. E. Ufumene i-post of censor kwaye wasuswa ngabantu abangama-200 abavela kulo mzimba wolawulo obalulekileyo. Oku akunakwenzeka kodwa kunciphisa izikhundla ze-Senate, ngokugqithiseleyo buthathaka emva kokupheliswa kwamandla akhe. Emva kwexesha elithile umbusi wanciphisa inani labaxhamli ukuze banqande ukuzaliswa kwakhona kwe-senate.

Ezinye iinguqulelo

Ukongeza kwiimilinganiselo ezidweliswe, u-Agasti ukwandisa umgangatho wepropati kwi-senator. Watshintsha kwakhona inkqubo yekota. Ukususela ngoku, kwintlobo nganye yentlanganiso, inani elithile labathathi-nxaxheba lasungulwa, kwaye kungabikho ihlawulwe iindleko eziphezulu. Kwakhona wazama ukuphucula ukuhamba kweentlanganiso ze-senate, kodwa akazange akwazi ukufeza injongo yakhe. Kodwa, mhlawumbi, utshintsho olubaluleke kakhulu kukuba ngenxa yokupheliswa kwesithuba se-censors, imeko yabasenators yaba yimihla yonke. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni ukwakhiwa kwayo kwayeka ukuguqulwa nokuhlaziywa, okubangela ukuba kungabikho ukuphazamiseka kwintlalo yabantu baseRoma kunye negalelo ekuqiniseni igunya lomlawuli. Umva wokugqibela wabavinjisa ukuba bahambe kweli lizwe, eliye lalinganisa imisebenzi yabo. Ngoko, ngaphantsi kweAgasto, impembelelo yeSenate kumgaqo-nkqubo wangaphandle, ulawulo kunye nemali yezemali iye yahlutha kakhulu.

Ukuqiniswa kwamandla omlawuli

Ngexesha leNqununu yaseRoma yaseMandulo, ukuqiniswa ngokuqhubekayo kwesithuba somlawuli ophakamileyo kuyimpawu. Waqala eyakhe ingqolowa-mali kwaye emva koko wayilahla ngokukhululekile ngaphandle kokuthatha inxaxheba kwe-senate. Ukongezelela, ii-senators zalahlekelwa inxaxheba ekuqulunqweni komkhosi. Ngokomzekelo, ekuqaleni kwekhulu le-1 AD. E. Kwiphondo kwakukho i-legion eyodwa kuphela yomkhosi, ngelixa i-Octavian ingenelela ekutyunjweni kwabalawuli kunye nabalawuli babo. Inqununu kunye nolawulo oluseRoma lasendulo zigaba ezimbini kwimbali yolawulo lwalo mbuso. Kuzo zombini izigaba, ukuqiniswa ngokuthe ngcembe kwamandla omkhosi kuyimpawu. Inkqubo yokukhetha oomantshi yatshintshwa. Ekuqaleni, umbusi wamisela nje abaxhasayo bakhe kulezi zikhundla, kwaye wayengathandwa ngabantu abangathandwa nguye. Emva koko waqala ukukhetha abantu, kwaye abantu bawamkela. Kwagqitywa ukuba i-emperor yamane yamisela omantyi, eyabangela ukuba uhulumeni ngokwakhe. Nangona kunjalo, i-plebiscites yayilondolozwe - ukuvota kwiibhili.

Igunya likaAgasti

Ekuqaleni wayefuna ukugxila ezandleni zakhe ezibalulekileyo izikhundla namandla. Ngaloo ndlela, wayezikhethele igunya eliphambili kumaphondo (isikhundla segunya), kunye namagunya amaninzi aphezulu kwi-capital (isihloko se-tribune). UAgasto wayengowokuqala ukudibanisa lezi zithuba ezimbini kumntu wakhe, ekubeni abalawuli abanamandla kunazo zonke phambi kwakhe basebenzisa amandla alawulayo kuphela. Amaxesha eSigqeba kunye nolawulo kwiRome lasendulo zimbini izigaba ezibalulekileyo ekubunjweni kolawulo. Ekuqaleni, umbusi waba ngumlawuli oyedwa wephondo. Kwakhona wayehlala kwindawo ebalulekileyo ye-consul kwiphondo, ikhethwa kwakhona ngonyaka. I-Senate ngokwakhe yakhulula umlawuli kwi-judicial control. NgoAgasti wasebenzisa onke amagunya eendlu zabantu, ezamnika ilungelo lokuzisa iibhili kunye nokuvota izigqibo zakuqala. Olunye ulungelelwano olubalulekileyo olubonisa ukuqiniswa kwamandla omkhosi kukunikezelwa kwelungelo lokugweba ukuxolela kuphela umbusi, kungekhona ebandleni labantu, ngaphambili.

Ingxaki yokulandela itrone

Icala elibi lemeko entsha yombusi kwakuyimbuzo yokumisela umlandeli. Ekubeni kwixesha eliyinhloko umlawuli wayengelona yedwa ophethe amandla aphezulu, wayengenako ukumisela umntu oza kuvela kuye. Lo mbuzo wawunzima kakhulu phantsi kwe-Octavian, ongenakukwazi ukugqiba isigqibo sakhe saloo ndlela. Ekuqaleni, umviwa oyintloko wayengumntakwabo kunye nomkhwenyana kaMarcellus. Nangona kunjalo, wafa, kwaye emva kokufa kukaAgasto, amandla adlula kumntwana wakhe, umbusi uTiberius.

Ukutshintshwa kweNqununu ukuLawula

Kancinci, igunya lokumkani lakhula lomelele kangangokuthi ekugqibeleni walahlekelwa ngamagunya aseleyo. Inqununu yenziwa phantsi kweDiocletian. Ukususela ngoku, umbusi ngokwakhe ukhupha imithetho, amagosa amiselweyo kunye namanye amagosa. Nangona kunjalo, abasindayo beNqununu bagcinwe: amaziko amadala aqhubeka nokusebenza ixesha elithile. Okokuqala, oku kukuxhalabisayo kumantyi, okwangoku, ngoku ukuguqulelwa kwimiba ehloniphekileyo kwaye kuyeka ukubamba indima ebomini bezobupolitika kuluntu lwaseRoma. Nangona kunjalo, kufuneka kuphawulwe apha ukuba, nangona kusekwa amandla angenamkhawulo omlawuli, umyalelo wokulandelana kwesihlalo sobukhosi awuqinisekanga. Iingxaki zokulandelana kwetrone zahlala zifana. Ngoko, inqununu kwimbali yaseRoma yasendulo ibaluleke kakhulu kwishintsho kwiRiphabhlikhi yakudala ukuya kwi-empire. Olu tshintsho lwaluqhutyelwa lubuhlungu kakhulu kwinxalenye enkulu ngenxa yeemigaqo-nkqubo ze-Octavian, ebudeni bakhe bokulawula kwakhe wakwazi ukugcina izithethe zeriphablikhi kwaye ngexesha elifanayo ukuqinisa amandla akhe.