Imbali yamathemometer. Iindidi zamanqaku okushisa awanamhlanje

Abantu bafuna ukulinganisa ukushisa kwamalungu omzimba kunye notywala ukususela ekuqaleni kwephuhliso loluntu oluphucukileyo. Imbali yokudala i-thermometers iqala eziliqela eminyaka edlulileyo. Masifunde ukuba zeziphi izixhobo zokuqala zale njongo. Ngubani owenze isilinganiselo se-thermometer? Kwakuphi i-thermometer yokuqala?

I-thermometer yokuqala

I-progenitor ye-thermometer yanamhlanje iyisisombululo esincinci, esaziwa njenge-thermobaroscope. Imbali yokudala i-thermometers yale nqanaba iyasibuyisela kwiminyaka eyi-1597 elide. Kwakuyixesha eli xesha isazi senzululwazi uGalileo Galilei senze uvavanyo lwakhe olujoliswe ekuphuhliseni isicatshulwa sokulinganisa ukushisa kwerhasi.

I-thermometer yokuqala yayingenanto ngaphandle kokuyila, imelwe yiphubhu egciniweyo yeglasi nebhola encinci elitywinwe phakathi. Ngexesha leemilinganiselo, inxalenye engezantsi ye-thermobaroscope yayishushu. Emva koko ibhubhe yafakwa emanzini. Emva kwemizuzu embalwa, umoya owenziwe kwisakheko wawukhuhlile, okwenze ukuba kuhla kwexinzelelo kunye nokunyakaza kwebhola.

Ngelishwa, inzululwazi ayizange ikwazi ukucoca ifowuni. Akazange afumane isicelo sakhe esisebenzayo. Kwakungekho nqanaba le-thermometer. Ngoko ke, ukusebenzisa i-device kwakungenakwenzeka ukuchonga ixabiso leenombolo ezichanekileyo zokushisa kwendawo ejikelezileyo okanye i-liquids. Into kuphela apho i-thermometer enjalo ifumaneka kukuzimisela ukushisa kwezinto ezithile.

Ukuhlaziywa kwe-thermobaroscope yaseGalile

Imbali yokudala i-thermometer ayizange iphele ngeemvavanyo zikaGalileo ezingenangqondo zokuza nezixhobo zokusebenza. Ngo-1657, kwiminyaka engama-60 emva kokuzama kokuqala kunye neempazamo zomqambi, umsebenzi wakhe waqhutyelwa liqela lezinzululwazi zaseFlorence. Baye bakwazi ukuphelisa iimeko ezingalunganga ze-thermobaroscope, ngokukodwa, ukuzisa isikali esikalini kwisixhobo. Ngaphezu koko, izazinzulu ze-Florentine zenze i-vacuum kwi-tube egxinyiweyo, elalikhuphe ukuxhomekeka kweemiphumo ezifunyenwe kwimpembelelo yomhlaba.

Kamva esi sixhobo sa phuculwa kwakhona. Amanzi kuwo atshintshelwa ngotywala kotywala. Ngaloo ndlela, i-thermobaroscope yaqala ukusebenza ngomgaqo wokwandisa umbane xa iinguqu zamashishini ezitshintshayo zitshintsha.

I-thermometer Santorio

Ngomnyaka we-1626, isazi senzululwazi waseNtaliyane ogama linguSalorio wasePadua, owayengunjingalwazi kwiyunivesithi yasekuhlaleni, wadala inguqu yakhe ye-thermometer. Ngoncedo lwakhe, kwaba lula ukulinganisa ubushushu bomzimba womntu. Nangona kunjalo, isixhobo asifumananga isicelo esisebenzayo, kuba sasinzima kakhulu. Esi sixhobo sasimangalisa kangangokuthi kwakufuneka ukuba siphumelele kwididi ukwenzela ukulinganisa.

Yayiyiphi i-thermometer ye-Santorio? Isixhobo senziwe ngendlela yebhola exhunywe kwishubhu esonayo, esine-oblong. Ngaphezulu kwendawo yokugqibela, isahlulo sahlula. Isiphelo samahhala sesibhubha sazaliswa ngotywala lombane kunye nomxholo wedayi. Xa ityhubhu yafakwa kwindawo epholileyo, umgangatho wangaphakathi webala wawufikelela kwixabiso elithile.

Ukuveliswa kwesilinganiselo esisodwa somlinganiselo

Imbali yokudala i-thermometers ayiquki nje ukuzama ukuphuhlisa umsetyenzana osebenzayo we-thermometer, kodwa iphinde isebenze ekudalweni kwenqanaba lokulinganisa. Enye yezilingo eziphumelele kakhulu kule ntsimi yimpumelelo kwi-physicist yeGermany uGabriel Fahrenheit. Nguye lowo ngo-1723 wanquma ukuthatha indawo yotywala kwindawo ye-thermometers yelo xesha kunye ne-mercury.

Isilinganisi sosayensi sasisekelwe kubungqina bamathathu:

• Iyokuqala ihambelana nokushisa kwe-zero yamanzi;
• Iphuzu lesibini kwisikali lilingana nama-32 degrees;
• Iyesithathu yayilingana neqondo lokubilisa kwamanzi.

Ekugqibeleni, isazi sefilosofi saseSweden, i-meteorologist kunye neenkwenkwezi ze-Anders Celsius zaphucula umlinganiselo we-thermometer. Ngomnyaka we-1742, ngexesha lovavanyo, wagqiba ukuhlukanisa isilinganiselo se-thermometer ibe ngamaxesha angama-100 afanayo. Inani eliphezulu lihambelana neqondo lokushisa kweqhwa, kunye nezantsi lihambelana neqondo lokubilisa kwamanzi. Isilinganiselo seCelsius sisetyenziswe kuma-thermometers ukuya namhlanje. Nangona kunjalo, namhlanje ifakwe kwizixhobo zokulinganisa kwifomu echitshiweyo. Ngaloo ndlela, isalathiso esiphezulu se-100 ^o ngoku sihambelana nendawo yokubilisa yamanzi, kwaye isezantsi ithathwa kwi-0 ^o .

Ephakathi kwe-19 leminyaka, isiFulentshi yeFilimi uWilliam Thomson wacebisa indlela yakhe yokulinganisa isixa, esaziwa kakuhle kubaphulaphuli ababanzi, njengeNkosi Kelvin. Ukhethile ukushisa njengokuqala kokulinganisa, okwakungama-273 ° C. Yiyo le parameter engabandakanyi nayiphi na intshukumo kwiimodoka zezinto eziphathekayo. Nangona kunjalo, izixhobo ezisekelwe kwisilinganisi esinjalo zifumene isicelo sabo kuphela kwisimo sesayensi.

Iintlobo kunye nezixhobo zamatromometers zanamhlanje

Uhlobo oluthile lwe-thermometer yi-thermometer yeglasi eqhelekileyo, ngoku ikhona kwikhaya ngalinye. Nangona kunjalo, ezo zilungelelaniso zihamba ngokukhawuleza kwixesha elidlulileyo. Ukususela ekuzaliseni i-flask nge-mercury enetyhefu akusisisombululo esiphephekileyo sokusetyenziswa kwekhaya.

Ngexesha langoku iijithali zedijithali zincinci ziqala ukusetyenziswa njengezinye iindlela ze- thermometers ze-mercury . Umlinganiselo wokugqibela ushushu obushushu ngokusebenza kwe-electronic sensor sensor.

Ngokuphathelele iimveliso zamva nje, zi -thermometers ze-infrared kunye nemigca ye- thermal elahlayo. Nangona kunjalo, izixhobo ezinjalo azikafumananga isicelo esikhulu.

Ekugqibeleni

Ngoko sifumene ngubani owasungula i-thermometer, zeziphi iintlobo zezixhobo zale nqanaba zifumaneka kubasebenzisi namhlanje. Ekugqibeleni ndifuna ukuphawula ukuba izixhobo zale njongo zibaluleke kakhulu kumntu wanamhlanje. I-thermometer ayinakwenza ukuba kube lula ukugqiba ukushisa komzimba, kodwa kwakhona kukuvumela ukuba ufudumele okanye ubanda ngaphandle. I-thermometer, efakwe kwihovini, inceda ukugcina ubushushu obuphezulu bokupheka, kunye nesistim esifanayo kwi-friji-ukulawula umgangatho wokugcina ukutya.