Imithetho Newton. UMthetho Second Newton kaThixo. imithetho Newton - amagama

Uphononongo lwe ngezenzeko zendalo ngokususela olu lingelo kunokwenzeka kuphela phantsi komqathango kwakubhiyozelwa zonke manqanaba: akubonayo, hypothesis, experiment, theory. Uqwalaselo luya ukuchonga kwaye uthelekise izibakala, hypothesis kwenza kube lula ukuba abanike inkcazelo eneenkcukacha yenzululwazi, kufuna isiqinisekiso zovavanyo. Ukuqhuba imizimba zendlela yokuhlola kukhokelele kunye nesiphelo esinomdla: notshintsho Velocity somzimba kunokwenzeka kuphela phantsi kwempembelelo komnye umzimba.

Umzekelo, ukuba ubaleka nkqi phezulu ematyeni okunyuka, kufuneka nje ukuba uthathe nonyeliso (ukutshintsha indlela) okanye umise (ubukhulu wokutshintsha Velocity), ukwenzela ukuba ukubaleka eludongeni esahlukileyo.

Kokuma izenzakalo ezifanayo kukhokelele ekuyilweni kwicandelo physics, umfundi ubangela imizimba yabo okanye ukutshintsha izinga yobunzima.

Imithetho okuhambisa

Phendula umbuzo ongatshiyo of isithethi kutheni umzimba wenyama ihamba nangayiphi na indlela okanye ukuphumla, nto yenzelwe.

Cinga isimo ukuphumla. Ngokusekelwe ingqiqo kwi kwezinto sesindululo, sinokuqonda ukuba ingaba imizimba cwaka ngokupheleleyo. Nasiphi na isifundo, kokuba fixed ngokunxulumene kumzimba omnye reference ihamba xa kuthelekiswa namanye. Ngokomzekelo, incwadi ilele phezu kwetafile, yinyama fixed etafileni, kodwa ukuba uqwalasele indawo yayo ngokunxulumene umntu odlulayo, ngoko yenza isigqibo bendalo: le ncwadi ihamba.

Ngoko ke, imithetho yokuhamba lwemizimba zigutyungelwe kwiinkqubo reference inertial. Yintoni na?

Wabiza isalathisi inertial, apho umzimba uphumle okanye isebenzise efanayo kunye isiphakamiso rectilinear xa kungekho umntu ebekhe waya kwezinye izifundo okanye izinto.

Kulo mzekelo ungentla, inkqubo reference ezinxulumene ne itafile ingabizwa inertial. Indoda e motion efanayo kumgca othe tye, unako ukukhonza njengokuba umzimba reference ye ISO. Ukuba intshukumo yakhe iza kukhawuleziswa, ngoko ningazidibanisi naye akanakuba CO inertial.

Enyanisweni, inkqubo enjalo ngamazinga kunye namaqumrhu ubeka zigxunyekwe phezu komhlaba. Nangona kunjalo, umhlaba ngokwawo awukwazi kuba umzimba reference kuba ISO njengoko ngokufanayo ezijikelezayo malunga axis yayo. Body komhlaba abe ukukhawulezisa centripetal.

Yintoni inertia?

inertia phenomenon inxulumene ngqo ISO. Khumbula, kwenzeka ntoni xa imoto ihamba eyeka ngequbuliso? Abakhweli basengozini, njengoko zisaqhubeka intshukumo yabo. Yeka loo nto isihlalo ngaphambili okanye emotweni. Cacisa inkqubo umkhweli inertia. Yinyaniso le?

Inertia - ngumkhuba ecebisa ulondolozo Velocity rhoqo umzimba xa engekho umntu ebekhe waya kwezinye imizimba. Umkhweli uphantsi izihlalo okanye izitulo. inertia kuthiwa anayenza.

Nhlamuselo siyifumana neempawu zomzimba, yaye, ngokutsho kwakhe, nangoko utshintshe isantya yento yinto engenakwenzeka. Oku - inertia. Umzekelo, ukuba inertia le Mercury ithemometha likuvumela ukuba ashiye bar ukuba endala vuthululani ithermometer na.

A umlinganiselo ebizwa umzimba inertia abaninzi. Ngokuhlanganisa Isantya tshintsho ngokukhawuleza ukuze imizimba esinobunzima elincinci. imoto zicinywe ngodonga ngekhonkrithi kuba wokugqibela ubaleka phantse ngaphandle, azafunyanelwa ndawo. Izithuthi badla ezilandela iinguqu ayibuyiseki: ukutshintsha isantya, kukho deformation ebalulekileyo. Kubonakala ukuba inertia eludongeni eziphathekayo iphezulu kakhulu inertia emotweni.

Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuba ngokwendalo kwizinto ezenzeka inertia? Iimeko apho umzimba kungekho buhlobo kunye namanye amaqumrhu - isithuba nzulu, apho kwisiphekepheke ihamba injini vala. Kodwa kule imeko, torque omxhuzulane ekhoyo.

imigaqo

Ukufunda Dynamics yolingo kuquka umgangatho amava kunye imilinganiselo eziphathekayo. Eyona umdla zezi:

• lunikezelo njengenyathelo le kwisantya nokutshintsha imizimba umyinge; otyunjwe ezinonobumba ua, kulinganiswa kwi m / s ^2;
• mass njengendlela inertia; Libonisa m unobumba, kulinganiswa ngo kg;
• mandla njengenyathelo ngenyathelo efanayo izidumbu; badla luchazwa yileta F, kulinganiswa e-N (Newtons).

Ubudlelwane kwezi ezahlukeneyo inikwe regularities ezintathu kulo yamachiza mkhulu IsiNgesi. imithetho Newton yenzelwe ukucacisa ukuntsonkotha intsebenziswano phakathi kwamaqumrhu ezahlukeneyo. Kwakunye neenkqubo abazilawulayo. Yeyona 'ukukhawulezisa' ngengqiqo "amandla", "ubunzima" imithetho Newton ezinxibelelene ubuhlobo zemathematika. Makhe uzame ukuqonda ukuba kuthetha ntoni.

Action yenye kuphela force - buyinto ezizodwa. Umzekelo, i-satellite ngumntu, nojikeleza emhlabeni, kubaluleke injongosenzi womxhuzulane kuphela.

nomphumela

Isenzo imikhosi eziliqela nga kutshintshwa kuze kufakwe amandla elinye.

sum Geometric imikhosi omele emzimbeni, ebizwa nomphumela.

Sithetha isixa zejometri, ekubeni amandla - wobungakanani yomzobo, oko kuxhomekeke nje kuphela kwinqanaba isicelo, kodwa kwakhona kwi indlela amanyathelo.

Umzekelo, ukuba ufuna ukuhamba kakhulu ngubo enkulu, unako umeme abahlobo bakho. iinzame ezibambeneyo ezizama ukufezekisa iziphumo ezinqwenelekayo. Kodwa unako mema elinye kuphela, indoda eyomeleleyo kunene. imizamo yakhe elingana yintshukumo bonke abahlobo. Umkhosi isicelo hero ingabizwa nomphumela.

imithetho Newton motion eziqulunqwayo ngokusekelwe ingcamango "isiphumo".

Umthetho inertia

Qala ukufunda imithetho Newton kunye isenzeko kakhulu rhoqo. Umthetho lokuqala ezidla ngokubizwa ngokuba umthetho inertia, kuba ubeka izinto motion efanayo okanye imizimba ime ngxi.

Umzimba ihambisa ngokufanayo kwaye rectilinearly okanye ukuphumla ukuba akwenziwanga amandla okanye inyathelo ihlawulelwa.

Kungaphikiswa ukuba nomphumela kule meko zero. Le meko, umzekelo, isithuthi ehamba ngesantya esingaguqukiyo kwi a elula ngqo lendlela. Amandla omxhuzulane ihlawulelwa amandla reaction emhlabeni, kwaye amandla ngayo injongo modyuli ulingane nomkhosi yokunganyangeki kwintshukumo.

Chandelier kwi uphahla uphumle, engangempi womxhuzulane kulinganiswa yi ukugogeka ngezinto zawo.

Ingahlawulwa angaba kuphela zamandla ziyasetyenziswa umzimba mnye.

umthetho wesibini Newton kaThixo

Ngena ku. Izizathu wokutshintsha Velocity lwemizimba, sicinga umthetho wesibini Newton. Yintoni esithi?

Le imikhosi Umphumela ebambeleyo ekhankanyiweyo umzimba uchazwa imveliso ezithengwe phantsi isenzo yokunyusa ubunzima bomzimba.

2 umthetho Newton (ifomula: F = ma), ngelishwa, akuthethi ukuseka ubudlelwane unobangela kunye nesiphumo phakathi nezimaphambili ezingundoqo yeefom kunye neentshukumo. Yena akanako ukukhankanya kunye ngqo yintoni na unobangela yokunyusa imizimba.

Makhe akubeke ngenye indlela: ukukhawulezisa, wafumana umzimba umlinganiselo ngqo amandla isiphumo kunye nobukhulu umlinganiselo ukuba ubunzima bomzimba.

Ngaloo ndlela, kunokwenzeka ukuba kuqinisekiswe ukuba amazinga tshintsho lwenzeka kuphela njengomsebenzi yomkhosi isicelo kulo, kunye nokutha emzimbeni.

2 umthetho Newton, formula elinokuba yi: a = F / m, eya kumda wesangqa kuthathwa zisisiseko, kuba loo nto yenza kube lula ukuseka uqhagamshelwano phakathi amacandelo physics. Apha, i - yomzobo ukukhawulezisa yequmrhu, F - amandla iziphumo, m - ubunzima komzimba.

intshukumo olukhawulezisiweyo imoto kusenokwenzeka ukuba eyona injini lidlula namandla lomzabalazo. Ngenxa yokwanda ibambelele kunye lunikezelo ukunyuka. Iilori baxhotyiswa injini enzima-emsebenzini, kuba ubunzima mkhulu kakhulu ubunzima iimoto umkhweli.

iimoto Race, zidalelwe beentlanga-high speed ukuba lula kangangokuba wabeka ubuncinane iindawo eziyimfuneko kunye namandla injini yaligqiba kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Enye mpawu zibalulekileyo imoto ezemidlalo ixesha unikezelo kwi-100 km / h. Ezincane lekhefu, ngcono iimpawu imoto ngesantya esiphezulu.

Umthetho yokusebenza

imithetho Newton, olusekelwe phezu amandla endalo, bathi naziphi intsebenziswano sikhatshwa isibini yomkhosi. Ukuba ibhola ejinga yi ngomsonto, oko ukuba impembelelo yayo. Le ntambo kwakhona waneka phantsi yintshukumo ibhola.

Ugqibezela kuqulunqo kwemithetho Newton yeepatheni lesithathu. Ngokufutshane ngayo: intshukumo ilingana yokusabela. Kuthetha ukuthini?

Bezimpi kuchaphazela umzimba phezu komnye, bayalingana ubukhulu, malungana kwicala kwaye zijoliswe ecaleni komgca wokujoyina Kumaziko imizimba. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba babuyekezwe kuzo ngeke igama kuba benza imizimba ezahlukeneyo.

Ukusetyenziswa kwemithetho

Ingxaki ezaziwayo-kakuhle 'ihashe kunye inqwelo "uyakwazi isiphunzi. Horse ezirhuqwa buyo ukuba wathi, ngokutshintsha ukusuka kule ndawo. Ngokutsho komthetho wesithathu Newton, ezi zinto zimbini nkqubo omnye kunye amagunya modulo ngokulinganayo, kodwa kusenziwa, ihashe Ungayisusa inqwelo oko ezingangeniyo isiseko ipateni.

Isisombululo siza kufumaneka, xa umntu ecinga into yokuba le nkqubo olawulo avalwe. Road enalo imiphumela yayo imizimba zombini. Umkhosi ebambeleyo ekhankanyiweyo uphuphu ihashe zochuku static kuyinto lingaphezulu kunexabiso kwamandla thaca iimpikiswano zochuku amavili enqwelweni. Ngapha koko, ngexesha intshukumo luqala ukuzama ukuhambisa inqwelo. Ukuba imeko litshintsha, ihashe phantsi kwazo naziphi na iimeko akayi uyisa kwi ndawo. neempuphu bakhe baya lokutyibilika endleleni, neyentengiso ziya kubakho.

Ebuntwaneni, erhuqa omnye kwi ebusika, umntu sidibana ngumzekelo. Xa ebusika bahlale nabantwana ababini okanye abathathu, imigudu omnye akwanelanga ukuba nabo.

Ukuwa lwemizimba kumphezulu womhlaba, wachaza Aristotle ( "umzimba Yonke oyaziyo indawo yabo") kufuneka, wawancamisa ekuhleni ngokusekelwe ngelithini. Lo mbandela ezihamba emhlabeni phantsi kwempembelelo namandla efanayo njengoko umhlaba yena. Ukuthelekisa parameters zazo (ubunzima Umhlaba ingaphezulu kakhulu ngaphezu ubunzima), ngokomthetho yesibini Newton, bathi yokunyusa into amaxesha amaninzi ngaphezu yokunyusa Umhlaba. Sibona inguqu uqina kukho umzimba, uMhlaba akuthethi ukuba aphume orbit.

Imida ukusebenza

physics Modern kwemithetho Newton musa ukukhanyela, kodwa nje kucwangcisa i umda ukusebenza kwawo. Phambi kokuba ekuqaleni XX physics kwinkulungwane akazange ayithandabuze into yokuba le mithetho uchaze zonke iziganeko zendalo.

1, 2, 3, umthetho Newton ityhila ngokupheleleyo izizathu ukuziphatha ngemizimba ongatshintshiyo. Movement lezinto kunye sesiqhelo ezincinane echazwe ngokupheleleyo ezi postulates.

Uzamo ukuchaza isiseko isindululo lwemizimba ngesantya kufutshane isivamvo sokukhanya, ayinakuze iphumelele. Utshintsho okupheleleyo iimpawu isithuba kunye nexesha akavumeli ukusetyenziswa nemiba Newton kula ngezantya. Ukongezelela, imithetho zitshintsha izimvo zabo CO non-inertial. Kuba ukusebenzisa kwabo wazisa ingqikelelo imikhosi inertial.

Cacisa isiphakamiso imizimba yasezulwini, imithetho yendawo yabo kunye nobudlelwane Imithetho Newton. Umthetho womxhuzulane yaziswa ukulungiselela le njongo. Ukuze ubone ngenxa yomtsalane lwemizimba ezincinane akunakwenzeka, kuba amandla ngamandla.

umtsalane mutual

Eyaziwa legend njengako apho uMnu Newton, lowo wayehleli emyezweni kwaye kukho ukuhla-apile, watyelela umbono omuhle: ukuchaza intshukumo izinto kufutshane kumphezulu koMhlaba kunye nentshukumo kweenkwenkwezi ngenxa yomtsalane efanayo. Akukho kude inyaniso. Ukuqaphela kunye nokusebenzisa kubalwe ngokuchanekileyo ochaphazelekayo kuphela ukuwa-apile, kodwa ukususa inyanga. Imithetho le intshukumo kukhokelela kwisigqibo sokuba ukunyuka umtsalane force ubunzima kunye nokuzibandakanya imizimba kunciphisa olwandayo umgama phakathi kwabo.

Ukuthembela imithetho yesibini neyesithathu yomthetho Newton gravitation, basebenzisane ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: zonke izidumbu kwindalo iphela umdla omnye komnye kunye nomkhosi ngqo ecaleni umgca osuka Kumaziko ezo zidumbu, ngokomlinganiselo ubunzima lwemizimba bomzimba ngokomlinganiselo isikweri umgama phakathi kwamaziko zamaqumrhu.

Ukuzibonakalisa ngokwezibalo: F = GMm / r ^2, apho F - amandla yomtsalane, M, m - ubunzima imizimba lokunxibelelana, r - umgama phakathi kwabo. Le ukulingana factor (G = 6,62 x 10 ^-11 NM ² / kg ²⁾ kuthiwa rhoqo omxhuzulane.

Intsingiselo ebonakalayo: oku rhoqo kukuba ulingane nomkhosi yomtsalane phakathi izidumbu ezimbini inyambalala 1 kg kumgama 1 m Kucacile ukuba mandla babambanayo mncinci kakhulu ukuba imizimba mass encinane ukuba nokungahoywa .. Izijikelezi, iinkwenkwezi, iminyele, amandla yomtsalane mkhulu kangangokuba ichaza ngokupheleleyo intshukumo yabo.

Yaba umthetho Newton yomtsalane ithi ukuba kufuneka uqalise imijukujelwa isibaso ukudala jet amahlanza ukoyisa impembelelo Yomhlaba. Isantya olufunekayo kule - nokuhlangulwa Velocity ka-8 km / s.

zobugcisa zale mihla uvumela nokuveliswa imijukujelwa yokusungula izikhululo yaqonda njengoko iisathelayithi ezenziwe kwelanga kwezinye iiplanethi ukuba sizikhangele. Isantya, kuphuhliswa isixhobo esinjalo, - yesibini Velocity isithuba esilingana 11 km / s.

Algorithm kwemithetho

okuhambisa bokusombulula ingxaki kuxhomekeke kulandelelwano ezithile izenzo:

• Ukuhlalutya le ngxaki, ukuchonga uhlobo data of motion.
• Baleka ukuzoba okubonisa yonke imikhosi ebambeleyo ekhankanyiweyo emzimbeni, kwaye ulwalathiso lunikezelo (ukuba zikhona). Khetha i nokulawula inkqubo.
• Rekhoda umthetho wokuqala okanye wesibini, ngokuxhomekeka ekubeni kukukhawuleziswa umzimba ngohlobo kumda wesangqa. Tshatisa yonke imikhosi (amandla iziphumo, imithetho Newton esithi: kuqala, ukuba isantya umzimba ayitshintshi, kwaye okwesibini, ukuba kukho lunikezelo).
• Inxaki kwakhona uqikelelo kwi nokulawula nezamazembe ekhethiweyo.
• Ukuba inkqubo kweziphumo quadratic akwanelanga, kubhale enye: ukugqiba imikhosi yeefom zibalo, etc ...
• Sombulula inkqubo kwizibalo lemali ezingaziwayo.
• Aqhutywa zobukhulu ukuqinisekisa ukuchaneka iifomyula.
• Bala.

Ngokuqhelekileyo ezi zenzo kwanele ukusombulula yonke imisebenzi eqhelekileyo.