Indlela ukwakha komhlaba eMoscow, apho Kucetywa ukwakha izikhululo ezintsha

Ukwakhiwa kwe -metro eMoscow kwacetywa kwi kwenkulungwane ye-19. Ngowe-1875, waza wavakalisa ingcamango ngokubekwa umgca ukusuka kwisikhululo sikaloliwe Kursk nge Pushkin Square kunye Lubyanka de Marina Ashera. Nakuba kunjalo, ukwakhiwa ayikhange uqale kuloo minyaka. Ngokutsho nenguqulelo esemthethweni, kwayekwa ngenxa ukuziqhuba.

Xa lizwe kwakukho revolution nemfazwe yamakhaya imfazwe, ukuba nje lingabi sakhunjulwa le ngcingane. Ukuze lo mbuzo emva ngo-1923 sele urhulumente omtsha karhulumente abaselula - USSR.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, le Moscow Metro yenye yezona amahle likhuselekileyo ehlabathini. Kwangaxeshanye, bambalwa abantu bazi indlela ndlela kunzima kwafuneka ukuba aye abakhi ngokudala umgca komhlaba ukuqala uloliwe wokuqala.

isigqibo Historic

Ngemihla zasehlotyeni ka Agasti 1923 intlanganiso Elawulayo Moscow City Council, nto leyo yamkela isigqibo kut- iintetho kunye neenkampani angaphandle kwi kwakusakhiwa Moscow Metro. Esi sigqibo yabhengezwa yi uSihlalo Elawulayo L. B. Kamenevym. Ngoko ke, lo mbono, leyo oluphazanyiswa revolution kunye imfazwe, iye yaphuhliswa ngakumbi.

Inyanga emva kwalo ntlanganiso ngesigqibo le Moscow City Council waqalisa iyunithi ekhethekileyo kwiSebe iziporo ezidolophini kwikomkhulu, ebizwa ngokuba "Metropolitan". Ngelo xesha ke injineli umqeshwa kuphela KS Myshenkov. yemisebenzi yakhe ihlanganisa ukuqokelela ulwazi malunga iiprojekthi ezikhoyo pre-imfazwe.

Ukufeza umsebenzi wokulungiselela

Ngowe-1924, iYurophu watyelelwa unikezelo Moscow City Council. Eyona njongo yayo ukutsala namaqabane angaphandle ngenxa kuyilo ngaphantsi lokuqala Soviet. Noko ke, le ntetho akuphumelelanga. amagosa angaphandle Ababa nako ukufumana imali-mboleko yebhanki.

Kuphela ngowe-1928, iBhunga leSixeko eMoscow inxaxheba kwingxoxo ezimalunga ne-ukusekwa inkampani joint-stock, nto leyo ukwakha i-Metropolitan Subway. Ukuphunyezwa ingcamango yokwakha sikaloliwe kumthwalo iimpikiswano ezininzi malunga uzinzo kwezoqoqosho zale projekthi. Noko ke, ayizange ihlale ixesha elide. Ngowe-1930 nesithuba sikanobhala yokuqala yekomiti lepati eMoscow waqeshwa L. omkhulu ka Stalin, Kaganovich. Yaba nguye eliphakamise ishishini ngaphandle emhlabeni. Ayimangalisi evulekileyo 1935 Moscow Metro ogama emva kwakhe.

Ewiliko ingxaki yezithuthi

Ukuba kwimihla yangaphambili abasemagunyeni abatsha eSoviet ngaphezu ezithenjiweyo iiteksi tram, njengoko ukukhula eyinkunzi ukuhamba umzi abahlali baba kusiba nzima. Ngenxa yoko, 6/1/1931, le kwemikrozo yeemoto yenzekile eMoscow. Movement kuwo umzi wayivala jam zendlela enkulu. Oku kwabangela ubunkokheli beqela eyinkunzi ukwakhiwa ngokutsha engaphantsi.

Metrostroy - Ngo-Agasti 1931, umbutho omtsha zadalwa. Waye wanikwa ilungelo kuqala ukufumana izixhobo eziphathekayo kunye nezixhobo. Metrostroi Chief wamisela injineli kaloliwe P. P. Roterta. Ngelo xesha linye urhulumente kwasekwa umbutho omtsha, nto leyo ibandakanya amagcisa kunye iinjineli iingcali. Ezi iingcali ezivela eJamani, eOstriya, iMelika kunye France amazwe. Wayephatha ukwakha ezintsha ngqo LM Kaganovich.

imiba yoyilo

Kuba indawo selinge lokuqala ukuthuthwa ekhethiweyo kwicandelo elitsha, ukuqalela Rusakova esitratweni, d. 13. Indlela ukwakha sikaloliwe kule ndawo? Gasket yenziwa ngendlela izindawo, oko kukuthi, ukufumana itonela kubunzulu ongekho nzulu. Kule igumbi komhlaba luqiniswe ngamatye enkwalini. Ekuqaleni le iinjineli zokwakha zange ukusebenzisa indlela eBerlin ngu apho kwafuneka kuqala ukuba wemba umhadi. Kulo kumbindi wesixeko, apho kwakukho izakhiwo exineneyo athabatha kwezithuthi enzima, kwaba ayamkelekanga.

Ukuba mba wasonjululwa lula, lo kwengxoxo ende langoku malunga nomba kufuneka ibe yintoni komhlaba. Yintoni ukwakha unxibelelwano olutsha izithuthi kunye namaqonga siqithi, okanye icala? Ilungiselelo yokuqala, eyamkelwa eLondon yaye eParis, kwafuneka ukuba ziqwalaselwe ngononophelo ngakumbi design bokwakha. Kodwa platform onjalo elula kakhulu umkhweli. indawo lateral, yamkelwa eBerlin, kwaba lula yaye kuxabise kancinane ekwakheni.

Indlela ukwakha sikaloliwe ekugqibeleni? iinjineli Soviet baye phambili ingcamango wokudala izikhululo trehsvodchatyh ukuba itonela ezimbini zishiyane. Kuba kwicala ngalinye namaqonga icala sele zinikwe apha.

Uyilo lobuchwepheshe imida engaphantsi wokuqala kuquka ngaphezu kwewaka amanqaku eneenkcukacha engcaciso kunye nemizobo. Emva kwakhe ngemibuzo oluneenkcukacha yaqinisekisa iKomiti eMoscow of the Party, i 08/13/1933

iimeko ezimbi

Ukwenza isigqibo malunga nokwakhiwa komhlaba eMoscow, abasemagunyeni akazange agqibe ukuba abakhi kuya kufuneka ukuba ukoyisa iingxaki ezininzi. Isibakala sokuba iimeko ukwakhiwa imigudu yaba ntle kakhulu. Indlela ukwakha komhlaba eMoscow? Olunga- imigudu iye becwangciselwe lijelo ukuwela umgca Olkhovka, Neglinka, Rybinki kunye nabanye nemisinga. Metrostroevtsy belizolile yabo kuphazanyiswa, nto leyo imigudu wathulula entlabathini ngumxube yintlabathi, udongwe namanzi. Azitshabalalisa imisebenzi komhlaba kwaye uhlambe kude iziseko wamisa izindlu kufutshane.

Ubude kwinqanaba lokuqala, osusela "Sokolniki" kwi "Komsomolskaya", kwakunye ne ukusuka 'ILayibrari. ULenin "kwi" Park of Culture "metrostroevtsy kwakhiwa ngendlela evulelekileyo. Kulo mzekelo, ngaphambi kokuba umsebenzi kwakufuneka siguqule data ekhoyo kwiinkalo zonxibelelwano, ukuba athwale imigca esiporweni kwaye ufake isekela ezizodwa emi kufuphi sakhiwo. Xaka siyifumana isibakala sokuba iBhunga leSixeko Moscow ivalwe ukukhubaza isakhiwo, ibekwe kwindawo yokwakha ngayo umbane, irhasi kunye namanzi. Kwakungekho sigqibo kwaye ayeke intshukumo endleleni.

Indlela ukwakha sikaloliwe kwiimeko ezinjalo? Ukuze ngokomgangatho yaye nexesha ziphelelisa umda ocwangcisiweyo lonke umsebenzi, kwafuneka ndiye amaqhinga ezahlukeneyo. Ngoko ke, ukusingatha amazinyo iteknoloji entlabathini mostostroevtsy komhlaba asetyenziswa. Ukuze oku kube yimfuneko ukuba ukubaqhelisa ngamnye namaqula apho shi isisombululo chloride calcium ebandayo. Oku kwabangela ekubunjweni iziqulathi ice leyo ikhule ngokuthe ngcembe, ezihambelanayo, ibe udonga manzi. Thile emva, obu bugcisa iye yasetyenziswa ukuze kwakhiwe izakhiwo Stalin kaThixo.

iingxaki abenele

iimeko kakhulu, nto leyo kufuneka ukuba aqhube isakhiwo, befuna ukugaya abasebenzi abaneziqinisekiso kakhulu. Noko ke, isakhiwo esisiseko abobuchwephesha nabasebenza iinjineli lwanikelwa railwaymen kunye mgodini. Aba bantu abangazange ngaphambili inxaxheba ekwakhiweni metro. Ukongeza, ama-80% yabasebenzi nokuhla kuqala, waya yeyam okokuqala ngqa ebomini bam.

Ngenxa yokunqongophala kwabasebenzi zokwakha kwi ezintlwini metrostroevtsev waba ezininzi kumafama kunye nabasebenzi. Salithabatha ke abasebenzi kunye nabasebenzi ngokubanzi evela mveliso kunye nezityalo. beza bonke aba bantu eMoscow bevela kulo lonke ilizwe, ukufunda umsebenzi omtsha ukuba sele zilungile. bezicathulo Ababesakuba, abathungi, nabosi bezonka ezo iisemina, waphulaphula amalungiselelo iintetho, nibe abasebenzi besempilweni kwaye eziphathekayo.

kunikezelwa

Uloliwe wokuqala phezu yimiqolo Moscow Metro 05/02/1935 GA ngoMeyi 15, kumsitho yokuvulwa komhlaba eMoscow. Kuloo minyaka, kwaba, azafunyanelwa ndawo 11.2 km, leyo izitishi ezilishumi. Kaloliwe Metro yayibandakanya elinambini ezaqanjwa part-emibini. Loo 48 "A" uhlobo iimoto.

Okokuqala - lo umendo kwi "Sokolniki" ukuba "Park Kultury" station, ethe isebe kwi "ESmolensk". Phambi kokuba imfazwe zamaNazi eJamani ukuvula imigca emibini nangaphezulu - Arbat kunye Zamoskvoretskaya.

komhlaba eMoscow namhlanje

Zingaphi metres bakha? Umsebenzi uyaqhubeka lonke ixesha ikhona. Ngaphezu koko, isikhululo mihla ukugcina ingcamango lolondolozo lwembali umbono langaphakathi. Kungenxa yoko le nto komhlaba eMoscow yeyona intle kwihlabathi.

Kutheni ukwakha komhlaba kude kube ngoku? Oku wachaza into yokuba capital ufumana iingxaki zendlela enkulu, inxalenye yawo emhlabeni. Oku kakhulu kwenyusa indima engaphantsi, nto leyo ukhetho win-win, nkqu iiyure olusebenza rush.

Ukuphunyezwa imisebenzi yokwakha

ukuba zeziphi iinkampani ekwakheni komhlaba namhlanje? Ukwakhiwa Izikhululo komhlaba wabasebenzi zokwakha Moscow Metro kuthwalelwa phandle, nto leyo umbutho ezihlangwini ezisekelwe le njongo ngo-1931 Ubume Inkampani iquka ulawulo amabini lolwakhiwo, elinesihlanu lwazo profile yoluntu.

Ngubani ekwakheni komhlaba eMoscow namhlanje? Mu kuya kwa nshita banesifo zenkulungwane lokugqibela, ezaqanjwa ziingcali abafanelekayo umbutho karhulumente. Le 8.5 amawaka abantu ababandakanyekayo kulwakhiwo imigudu, ukufakelwa izitishana kunye nemigca USB, umkhondo ngokubekwa kwaye awugqibe umsebenzi.

Imisebenzi ye kuphuhliso eMoscow ephethe

Government of eMoscow inkqubo ethile kuphuhliso Moscow Metro yasetyenziswa. It iquka ixesha ukusuka ngo-2012 ukuya kowama-2020 Kwaye ezi projekthi ezinkulu-Isikali yaceba ukuba kwabelwa 1.24 ezigidi engange ukusuka mali sixeko. Abanye inxaxheba kwezi ziganeko ziya kuba bangasese. Bona ukubeka engange-42 ezigidi.

Apho ukwakha komhlaba eMoscow namhlanje? Ngokutsho izicwangciso zika-2016, umsebenzi sithethayo ulwakhiwo umgca esibizwa-Solntsevo. Le nxalenye kumzantsi-ntshona we-metro, nto leyo ethembisayo kwi Moscow kuphuhliso komhlaba.

Yintoni isikhululo sikaloliwe eyakhelwe kulo mgca? Le "Minsk" yaye "Lomonosov Ithemba", "Ramenok" yaye "Michurinsk neziqu" yaye "Solntsevo", "Govorovo" yaye "Ochakovo". Ezi zikhululo ziya kulisebenzisa ngobulumko eli thuba kubemi abahlala kwisithili Ramenskoye. Apho Kucetywa ukwakha sikaloliwe on? Esibizwa-Solntsevo umgca ukuzolula ku Novomoskovskaya Rasskazovka, Peredelkino kunye Solntseva.

Phakathi imisebenzi ezicwangciselwe 2016, kukho kwakhona intshayelelo ukusebenza kwiZikhululo ezihlanu ibekwe ezikwisekethe yotshintshiselwano wesithathu. Iya kudibanisa iindawo ngabanye ikomkhulu zibe womnatha enye. Yeyiphi station metro yakhiwa-sikhokelo le misebenzi? Oku "Khodynka" yaye "Lower Maslivka", "uPetros Park", "Shepeliha" yaye "Khoroshevskaya". Kokugunyaziswa sezi zikhululo ukusebenza kuya kuvumela malunga ikota esemi umbindi eMoscow komhlaba.

Apho ukwakha imetro kodwa? Ngokutsho izicwangciso metrostroevtsev kucingelwa ukwandiswa umgca Lublin-Dmitrov. Kuya kuba iikhilomitha ngaphezulu ezintlanu, nto leyo eza kuvula kuyo izitishi ezintsha ezintathu - "Upper Likhobory", "isangqa" yaye "Seliger". Kwimeko nganye kwezi mveliso zimbini inikiwe. A "isangqa" ukuxhobisa kunye zinakho kwezinye izikhululo.

Ngokuqinisekileyo, apho ayakhayo engaphantsi, imeko yezothutho lukawonke ngokuphawulekayo iphuculwe. Ngokukhawuleza ukuya kwindawo yakho ngexesha elifutshane uya kukwazi kubahlali kwimimandla embhaxa njengoko Hovrino kunye Left Bank. Le meko iye ngcono lokugunyazisa "Hovrino" station.

Ukongeza zokwakha elitsha kusendleleni nolungiso enkulu. Ngenxa yoko, ukufakelwa okucwangcisiweyo a ezizihambelayo entsha ukuya kwisikhululo "Frunzenskaya" ngo-2016. Oku kubangelwa kukuhla izixhobo ezikhoyo.

"Vykhino" metro

Isikhululo - enye indala komkhulu. Njengesakhi esibalulekileyo Violet Metro Line, kuthatha abakhweli ukusuka 1966. Ngokuchasene uninzi lwezikhululo "Vykhino" into olungaphezu komhlaba. Le yenye yezinto zokuqala eMoscow komhlaba olu hlobo.

Station "Vykhino" (ngaphambili "Zhdanov") - indawo zixinene kakhulu. Ngamaxesha kwincopho, abakhweli amaninzi nje awukwazi ukungena imoto wasondela eqongeni. Kungenxa yoko le nto iinkokheli komhlaba bagqiba ukuqala kweli sebe anda kokwakheka. Noko ke, oku akuzange ukulungisa le ngxaki. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, esi sikhululo yi nomlomo. Idibanisa imimandla ngabanye eMoscow sesazulwini sayo. Oku kuya "Vykhino" abantu izakhiwo ezintsha zokuhlala, ulwakhiwo luyaqhubeka kwi ngaphandle isantya olungongezwanga, ukufika khona. Emini, isikhululo kuthatha abantu malunga namakhulu amahlanu amawaka. Lakuzaliseka indlela irekhodi! Le meko inyanzela istampu ubomi kwendawo yonke elijikelezileyo. Nangona iindlela ibhasi kunye netroli zivulekile, abantu baqhele ukusebenzisa i Isithuthi komhlaba, nto leyo kuyingxaki kakhulu.

Kungenxa yoko le nto ithandwa kangaka phakathi kwabantu ukuya urhulumente eMoscow uhlawula ingqalelo ekhethekileyo. Abasemagunyeni mzi isigqibo yokuxhobisa ibekwe kummandla ongqonge isikhululo. Namhlanje, abantu abaninzi kummandla kunye nabatyeleli wabuza lo mbuzo ilandelayo: oko yakhiwe kwi "Vykhino" malunga sikaloliwe? Kuya kuba ukwananisa node okhethekileyo, nto leyo kwisakhiwo esikhulu kakhulu. Phantsi kophahla olunye, iya kudibanisa iindlela yonke imigca ezikhoyo zokunxibelelana. Ukongeza, njengenxalenye oluxandileyo, kuya kukugubungela ummandla weehektare ngaphezu amabini, iya kuba liqonga kokwehla nje kuphela, kodwa iindidi iivenkile kunye neemarike. capital Manual ukholelwa ukuba iziko onjalo akayi kuphela lula imeko ezothutho kulo mmandla, kodwa kuya kudala iimeko zokuphila ithembisa ukuba labemi.