Indlela yokudala umgca we-flowchart. Vimba umzobo weprogram, uluhlu

I-flowchart ibonisa ukubonakaliswa kweprogram ebonisa ngokulandelelana ngokulandelelana kwazo zonke izigaba zomsebenzi, kunye nawo onke amaqela abandakanyekayo kwinkqubo. Iskimu esinjalo yinkqubo yeempawu zemiqondiso (iibhloko) kunye nemigca yokutshintsha (iintolo) phakathi kwabo. Nganye yezi bhloko zihambelana nesinyathelo esithile se-algorithm. Ngaphakathi kweso simboli, inkcazo yale nyathelo inikwe.

Ziziphi iimitha zokuhamba?

Ezi nkqubo zenzelwe ukwenza imisebenzi elandelayo:

- Ukuphuhlisa inkqubo entsha;

Ukuchaza nokubhala i-algorithm yangoku;

- Qulunqa ukuguqulwa kwenkqubo okanye uhlolisise iifayili kunye nesimo esenzekayo seephene kunye nokungaphumeleli;

- qinisekisa nini, apho kwaye ungatshintsha njani i-algorithm yangoku, ukuze uvavanye ukuzinza kwenkqubo yonke.

Uphuhliso lomsebenzi

Naliphi na umzobo webhloko owakhiwe ngesiseko se-algorithm yezenzo ezichaza ukusebenza kwesixhobo okanye kwinkqubo. Ngoko ke, inkqubo ngokwayo iyakhiwa okokuqala. "I-Algorithm" ibhekisela kwingcaciso yokulandelelana kwemisebenzi yokulungisa isisombululo. Enyanisweni, le yimiqathango yokwenza iinkqubo ezifunekayo zokucwangcisa ulwazi. Ngaphambi kokuba uqale ukwakha i-algorithm, kufuneka uchaze ngokucacileyo umsebenzi: oko kufuneke kufunyanwe ngenxa yoko, yintoni ulwazi oluyimfuneko olufunekayo, kwaye yintoni ekhoyo ekhoyo, ngaba kukho naziphi na izithintelo zokufumana. Emva koko, uludwe lwezenzo ezithatyathwa ukufumana iziphumo ezifunwayo luqulunqwe.

Iintlobo zeziqulatho

Ngokwenza oko, iindidi ezilandelayo zihamba rhoqo:

Umzobo, oko kukuthi, ngesiseko seempawu zejometri;

- amazwi: ahlanganiswe ngoncedo lwamagama aqhelekileyo ngolwimi;

- i-pseudocodes: ibonisa inkcazo enziwe ngokusemthethweni ngolwimi lwesi-algorithmic, oluquka iinkalo zolwimi lweprogram kunye neelwimi zamagama, kunye neempawu zeemathematika eziqhelekileyo;

Isofthiwe: iilwimi zeprogram kuphela ezisetyenziselwa ukurekhoda.

Vimba umzobo wesixhobo: inkcazo

Ukubonakaliswa kwesigcawu sokulandelelana kwezenzo kubandakanya umfanekiso we-algorithm echazela ubudlelwane beebhloko ezisebenzayo kwesekethe, ezihambelana nokuphunyezwa kwesenzo esinye okanye ngaphezulu. Ibhloko lomzobo woluhlu luqukethe izinto ezithile, ubungakanani kunye nemithetho yokwakha echazwe ngumgangatho welizwe. Ngolunye uhlobo lwentsebenzo (ukungena kwedatha, ukubala kwexabiso lenkcazo, ukujonga imeko, ukulawula ukuphindaphinda kwezenzo, ukuphela kokucubungula, njl.), Umlinganiselo othile wejometri unikezelwa , umelwe njengebhloko. Ezi zimboli zixhunyiwe yimigca ecacisa ukulandelelana kwezenzo.

Izinto ezisisiseko ezisetyenzisiweyo kwiDraft Up Flowcharts

Uluhlu olupheleleyo lweempawu ezibonakalayo ezisetyenziselwa ukuchaza i-algorithm inamalungu angama-42. Asiyi kunika konke, kodwa kuphela eyona nto.

Izinto ze-flowchart:

1. Inkqubo ithetha inyathelo lokuqulunqwa komsebenzi okanye ulandelelaniso lwezenzo ezinjalo, ukuguqula ixabiso, izakhiwo zeenkcukacha okanye ifom yokubonisa. Ngenxa yokucaca, izinto ezinjalo zingadibaniswa kwibloko eyodwa. Lo mqondiso unesimo sexande, ngaphakathi apho kubhaliweyo izimvo ezihamba kunye nokusebenza (okanye iqela lemisebenzi).

2. Isisombululo. Eli bhloko lisetyenziselwa ukubonisa ukutshintshwa kolawulo ngumbandela othile. Kwinqanaba elinjalo, umbuzo, uqhathaniso, okanye imeko echaza oko kubonisiwe. Ngamanye amazwi, isisombululo sikhethwa kwindlela yokuqhuba inkqubo okanye i-algorithm, kuxhomekeke kwimeko ethile eguquguqukayo. Ukubonakalisa imbonakalo yale nqaku yinqwelo. Isimboli singasetyenziswe njengomfanekiso wezakhiwo ezilandelayo ezinobumbano: ukhetho, ifom, epheleleyo kwaye engaphelelanga, "ngaphambi" kunye "uhambe".

3. Uhlengahlengiso. Le bhloko ibonisa ukuqala komjikelezo. Isetyenziselwa ukuququzelela ukwakhiwa kwe-cyclic. Ngaphakathi kwento ebhaliweyo bhala ipharamitha yesangqa sezenzo, bonise ubungakanani bokuqala, imida yomda, kunye neyathelo lokutshintsha ipharamitha yokuphindaphinda. Ngamanye amagama, ukuguqulwa kukusetyenziswa kwemithetho eguqukayo okanye amaqela abo, imisebenzi eguqula inkqubo. Ukubonakaliswa kwesimboli salesi simboli yi-hexagon.

4. Inkqubo ekhankanywe ngaphambili ichaza ukucwangcisa ngeprogram enikeziweyo okanye ephantsi. Isetyenziselwa ukubonisa ukubhekiselwe kwinqanaba le-algorithm encedisayo, ekhoyo ngokuzimela ngendlela yemodyuli ezizimeleyo ezihlukeneyo, kunye nokufikelela kwiinkampani zeelayibrari. Igraphically, eli fayile limelelwe ngxande kunye nemigca emibili ejikelezayo kwimida. Eli qela linika imiyalelo yeefowuni kwimisebenzi, iinkqubo, iimodyuli zeprogram.

5. Ukufaka / ukuphuma kwedatha kwifom jikelele.

6. Qalisa kwaye uyeke. Le nto ithetha ukuqala nokuphela kwe-algorithm, kunye nokungena nokuphuma kwenkqubo. Igraphically, eli fayile lifana nekontanethi kunye nee-arcs endaweni yemigca yecala.

7. Uxwebhu luchaza umphumo womsebenzi wokushicilela. I-Graphically, loo nto ifana nesixande, kodwa endaweni yesigxina i-wave wave.

8. Igalelo lombhalo lithetha ukuqala kwedatha ekuqhutyweni ngumsebenzisi usebenzisa idilesi edibene kwikhompyutha (ikhibhodi). Isimboli somfanekiso wesalathisi sobume yi-quadrilateral enemigca yecala iyafana, umgca wecala uphendulela kubo, kunye nomgca ophezulu we-oblique.

9. Ukuboniswa kuthetha indlela yokufaka okanye ukuphuma kweenkcukacha xa idilesi ixhunyiwe ngqo kwiprojekthi. Ngomzuzu xa idatha iqala ukudlala, umqhubi unako ukwenza utshintsho ngexesha lokuqhuba. Igraphically eli qela limele umfanekiso ongezantsi kunye nemigca ephezulu ifanelana, enye i-arc, kwaye ikhohlo linamacala amabini alungileyo ngendlela yotolo.

10. Imigca yokuhamba iintolo ezibonisa ukulandelelana kwezixhumo. Akukho mzobo webhloko yesakhiwo onokuyenza ngaphandle kwesi sigaba. Kukho imigaqo ethile yokudweba ezi mqondiso. Si ba dwelisa:

- ezi zinto zimele zilandelelaniswe nemigca ye-perimeter yangaphandle okanye imida yephepha apho le diagram ibonisa khona;

- ulwalathiso lomgca ukusuka phezulu ukuya ngasezantsi okanye ukusuka kwesobunxele ukuya ngasekunene kuthathwa njengowona owona mkhulu, awubonakalwanga ngeentolo, ezinye iimeko zokubonisa izikhombisi ziboniswa ngabo;

- ulwalathiso lwalolu hlobo luguqulwa kuphela kwikota ye 90 °.

11. Umxhasi. Eli nqaku lijoliswe ekuboniseni unxibelelwano kwimigca yokuphazamiseka. Ezi zimboli zisetyenziswe kwimeko apho umzobo webhloko wolu hlelo lwakhiwe kwiindawo ezininzi. Emva koko umgca wokujikeleza ukusuka kwelinye inxalenye kufuneka ugqibe "ngumbonakaliso", kwaye inxalenye entsha iqalisa kule fayile. Ngaphakathi kwelo hlobo libeka inombolo efanayo. Umfanekiso ocacileyo we "isixhobo" siyangqa.

12. Isixhamli soxube. Injongo yale nqaku ifana neyokudlulileyo, kuphela isetyenziselwa ukudibanisa iitshathi ezihambayo kumaphepha ahlukeneyo. Umfanekiso wento enjalo imelwe ngepentagon ngendlela yendlu.

13. Iingxelo ziqhagamshelwano phakathi kwezinto ezihlukeneyo ze-flowchart eneenkcazelo. Eli qakala likuvumela ukuba ufake iifomula kunye nolunye ulwazi.

Ukwakha izakhiwo

Ukwakhiwa komzobo we-algorithm yinxalenye yamaxwebhu ecebo okanye inkqubo, ehlala ikhona ngobuninzi. Nangona kunjalo, kwiimeko ezininzi, isofthiwe ayifuni umzobo webhloko nonke. Iiyunithi kuphela zifuna ukwakhiwa kwe-algorithm ephethe amaxwebhu amaninzi, ezinye ziyiqhinga lokufuzisela. Isicatshulwa esicacileyo sebhloko sibonisa isakhiwo se-branching yeenkqubo kwimiba eyodwa kuphela. Nangona kunjalo, isakhiwo esinjalo sibonakala ngokucacileyo kuphela xa i-algorithm ifakwe kwiphepha elilodwa. Kwimeko echasene nayo, xa isalathisi sebhloko siphezu kwamaphepha amaninzi adibeneyo nokuguqulwa kwamanye amazwe, kunzima ukufumana ukunyaniseka okwenyaniso malunga nalo. Ukuba ifakwe kwiphepha elilodwa, ngoko kwiprogram enkulu lo mfanekiso we-algorithm iya kuba isicwangciso sawo jikelele kunye nohlu lweebhloko ezinkulu kunye nezigaba. Ngokuqinisekileyo, ishedyuli enjalo ayilandelanga imigangatho yokwakha amaqhinga, kodwa ayifuni, kuba le nkqubo iyodwa. Imithetho enxulumene nohlobo lweempawu, iintolo kunye nomyalelo wokubhaliweyo kuyimfuneko kuphela yokupakisha imida epheleleyo.

Iimpawu kunye nezilungiso

Uluhlu luqokelela uhlobo olufanayo lweenkcukacha ezigcinwe kwizigcawu zeememori ezilandelanayo kwaye zinegama elifanayo. Ezi iiseli zibizwa ngokuthi "iinkqubo zenkqubo". Zonke iiqoqo zibalwa ngokulandelelana. Le nombolo ibizwa ngokuba yi "index index element". Indlela yokwenza umgca we-flowchart kwenkqubo efanayo? Cinga ngomzekelo wokudala i-algorithm yesigaba sokuqala solu hlobo olulodwa. Inkqubo elula ifom yefowuni. Beka igama loluhlu - "A". Siza kuthatha ukuba i-system yethu inamaseli ayisibhozo (ukusuka ku-1 ukuya ku-8). Lezi ziqoqo ziqulethe inombolo engahleliweyo, ebizwa ngokuba yi "element element". Ukujongana nesisele esithile, kufuneka ucacise igama kwiibhanki zesikwele ([3]). Makhe siqwalasele umzekelo apho umzobo webhloko woluhlu uhlose ukuzalisa inkqubo ngeenombolo ezingenanto kwaye uze ubonise ulwazi kwiskrini. Yintoni enye i-algorithm? Le yinkqubo yokuqala. Enyanisweni, akukho sicelo esisebenzayo, kodwa kulungele inkqubo yokufunda. Umzobo webhloko oqwalaselweyo (umzekelo wokwakha uchazwe ngezantsi) uqulethe kuphela izinto eziyisixhenxe ezisisiseko ezixhunyaniswe nemida yokutshintsha.

Inkcazo yolandelelwano lomsebenzi

Inxalenye yokuqala yesikimu isimboli "Ukuqala".

2. Ibhloko yesibini yiyona "Inkqubo", ngaphakathi apho singena khona "ukuqaliswa okungahleliwe".

3. Inqaku elilandelayo "Ukuguqulwa", kwibloko sifaka ukubaluleka kweeseli zoluhlu.

4. Ngokuqhubekayo, ngokwemisebenzi enikwe, kukho ukulungiswa kwinqanaba elilandelayo le "nkqubo", ecacisa ukufikelela kumaqela athile enkqubo, echaza ukukhawulelwa kwamanani aluncedo kwi-range ukusuka kwi-zero ukuya kwikhulu. Emva kwalolu msebenzi, ukubuyela kwi-bhokisi yesithathu, kunye nayo-ukuya kweyesihlanu.

5. Kulo bhloko "Ukuguqulwa", ngokwemisebenzi ebhaliweyo, inqaku elilandelayo liqondiswa kwakhona.

6. "Isiphumo" sibonisa ulwazi malunga nokuqulethwe kwimiba emitsha kwinqanaba kwinqanaba elingaphambili. Okulandelayo - kwinqanaba lokugqibela.

7. "Vala" kwesi-algorithm.

Ngesiseko salo mzobo webhloko, kwenzelwa inkqubo eya kuqinisekisa umsebenzi we-algorithm.

"Vimba umdwebo wesichazi"

Ukuba uyazibuza indlela yokwenza umgca we-flowchart, ngoko uyazi ukuba kukho iinkqubo ezizodwa eziye zenzelwe ukudala, kwaye zibuye zihlele iinkqubo ezinjalo. Ukulungelelaniswa kokuboniswa komzobo we-algorithm kukuba umsebenzisi akabophelelwanga kwi-syntax yolwimi oluthile lwenkqubo. Umzobo webhloko owakhiwe ufanelwe zonke iilwimi (umzekelo, uC, Pascal, BASIC nabanye). Ukongeza, umhleli ungasetyenziswa ukwakha imifanekiso kwaye uvavanye ukusebenza kweesekethe. Le nkqubo iprogram ekhethekileyo. Ilungiselela isethi ehlukeneyo yezixhobo ezifunekayo ukwakha iifolthi, ezenza kube lula ngakumbi kunabalingisi beemifanekiso eziqhelekileyo . Iinketho ezongezelelweyo zivumela ukucwangcisa inkqubo yokuqulunqa inkqubo kunye nokuguqulwa kwayo ngakumbi kwimisebenzi kunye neenkqubo zokusetyenziswa kolwimi. Ukongeza, umhleli we-flowchart unikeza isethi yamathempyutheni ezinokukhawuleza ngokukhawuleza umsebenzi womsebenzisi we-novice. Emva koko, kuyaziwa ukuba xa kwakhiwa i-algorithm, izakhiwo eziphindaphindiweyo zisetyenziswa rhoqo, umzekelo, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zemijikelezo, ezinye iindlela (ezipheleleyo kunye ezingaphelelanga), amaziko amaninzi, njalo njalo. Umhleli uvumela ukuba ukhethe izinto eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenzisiweyo kwimida kwaye uzifake kwi-Schema ekwakhiwe. Oku kugweba ukuwadweba rhoqo rhoqo. Ukongezelela, ngoncedo lomhleli, ungangenisa imisebenzi kunye neenkqubo eziphunyeziweyo kunoma yiluphi ulwimi olusetyenziswayo lwenkqubo. Olu khetho luncedo ekuhambiseni isakhiwo se-algorithm, esibhaliweyo ngolwimi ongaqhelekanga. Imfuneko yenkqubo yale nkqubo ingcono kakhulu, evumela ukuyisebenzisa kukho nawuphi na ikhompyutha.

Isiphelo

Ukuqulunqa, kubalulekile ukuba uqaphele ukuba i-algorithms echanekileyo sele sele isasebenza. Njengenkcazo yenkqubo, abanomdla kunoma ubani. Eyona nto ihamba phambili, iiflethi zifanelekile ukuba baqeqeshe abaqeqeshi abangayazi ukuba bacinge njani ngokuchanekileyo. Iimpawu ezicetywayo ngexesha kunye nomxholo wazo ziphakamileyo ulwimi, zihlangene abaqhubi beelwimi lomatshini baba ngamaqela ahlukeneyo. Ngomzuzu, i-graphic element nganye ihambelana nomsebenzisi othile. Ngenxa yoko, umlingana ngokwawo waba ngumngcipheko, kwaye kubaluleke kakhulu-isifundo esingabalulekanga, esinokushiywa lula. Namhlanje, kwimizila yokutshintsha ibe yinto evulekileyo, kuba umsebenzisi ngamnye sele sele echazwe. Enyanisweni, ukwakhiwa kwegraphic algorithms kudunyiswa kakhulu kunokuba isetyenziswe kwisenzo. Umprogram onamava amaninzi ngaphambi kokuba abhale inkqubo ayifumanekanga i-flowchart. Xa umgangatho wenhlangano ufuna i-algorithm yokubonisa imifanekiso, uze uyidwebe emva kokuphela komsebenzi.