I-Ethics njengeSayensi: inkcazo, kwisifundo sokuziphatha, into kunye nemisebenzi. Isihloko sokuziphatha si ...

Ukufunda ngokuziphatha kwabantu kunye nolwalamano lwabo kunye nolunye ulwabiwo lwalo lwalugxininiswe ngabafilosofi bexesha elidlulileyo. Ngaloo nto kwabonakala ingcamango enjalo njenge-ethos ("ethos" ngolwimi lwesiGrike lwangaphambili), oku kuthetha ukuhlala kunye nendlu. Kamva baqala ukuchaza isenzo esomeleleyo okanye uphawu, umzekelo, umlingani, isiko.

Isihloko sokuziphatha njengesiqhelo sefilosofi sasiqala ukusetyenziswa nguAristotle, sinika intsingiselo yobomi buntu.

Imbali yokuziphatha

Kwiminyaka engama-2500 edluleyo, izafilosofi ezinkulu zichaze iimpawu eziphambili zobuntu bomntu, isimo sakhe sengqondo kunye neempawu zokomoya, ezazibiza ngokuba yizicwangciso zokuziphatha. UCicero, oqhelekileyo ngemisebenzi ka-Aristotle, wazisa igama elitsha elithi "ukuziphatha", nto leyo inika intsingiselo efanayo.

Ukuphuhliswa kwefilosofi esilandelayo kubangele ukuba ihlukanise uqeqesho oluhlukeneyo. Isihloko (inkcazo) sifundwe yilo lulwazi isimilo nokuziphatha. Kwangexesha elide ezi nkalo zanikezwa ngokulinganayo, kodwa ezinye izafilosofi zazihlukanisa. Ngokomzekelo, uHegel wayekholelwa ukuba ukuziphatha ngokuzijonga ngokuzibonakalisa ngezenzo, kwaye ukuziphatha kukuziphatheka ngokwabo kunye nenjongo yazo.

Ngokuxhomekeke kwiinkqubo zembali ezenzeka kwihlabathi, kwaye utshintsho kuluntu uphuhliso loluntu, umxholo wokuziphatha uguqule intsingiselo yayo kunye nomxholo. Eyona nto yayingumntu wokuqala, yaba yinto engaqhelekanga kubemi bexesha elidlulileyo, kunye nemigangatho yabo yokuziphatha yayigxekwa ngabafilosofi bexesha elide.

Doantichnaya zokuziphatha

Kwakudala ngaphambi kokuba isifundo sesayensi sakhiwe, kwakukho ixesha elide, elibizwa ngokuba yi "preethics".

Omnye ummeli oqaqambileyo welo xesha unokuthiwa nguHomere, amaqhawe akhe anesimo sezinto ezilungileyo nezimbi. Kodwa ingcamango jikelele, zeziphi izenzo ezihambelana nobuhle, kwaye ezingekho, ayikaze zenziwe. I-Odyssey okanye i-Iliad ayikho into efundisayo, kodwa nje imbali yeziganeko, abantu, amaqhawe kunye noothixo abahlala ngelo xesha.

Ngethuba lokuqala izixhobo zabantu ezisisiseko njengendlela ethile yokuziphatha ezilungileyo zivakaliswa kwimisebenzi kaHesiod, owayehlala ekuqaleni kweqela leklasi yoluntu. Iimpawu eziphambili zomntu aqwalasela umsebenzi onyanisekileyo, ubulungisa kunye nokuziphatha komthetho njengesiseko sezinto ezikhokelela ekugcinweni nasekunyusweni kwepropati.

Iimpawu zokuqala zokuziphatha kunye nokuziphatha kwakuziingxelo zala madoda amahlanu alumkileyo:

1. Hlonipha abadala (Chilo);
2. Gwema ukungabi nabulungisa (Cleobel);
3. Uzuko lukaThixo, nabazali bazukise (Solon);
4. Qaphela umlinganiselo (iThales);
5. Gcoba umsindo (Chilo);
6. Ukunyaniseka kwintsilelo (iThales).

Le migaqo efunekayo ebantwini ukuziphatha okuthile, ngoko ke yaba ngumgangatho wokuqala wokuziphatha kubantu bangelo xesha. Ukuziphatha njengezenzululwazi, umxholo kunye nemisebenzi ekufundwa ngayo umntu kunye neempawu zakhe, kwakungokuqala.

I-Sophist kunye neengqondi zakudala

Ukususela kwikhulu le-5 BC, kumazwe amaninzi, uphuhliso olukhawulezayo lwezenzululwazi, ubugcisa kunye nokuqulunqwa kwaqala. Akuzange kubekho ngaphambi kwesi sihlandlo ezininzi izazi zefilosofi zazalwa, izikolo ezahlukahlukeneyo kunye nemijikelezo yenziwe, eyayibeka ingqwalasela enkulu kwiingxaki zabantu, iimpawu zabo zokomoya nezokuziphatha.

Eyona nto ibaluleke kakhulu ngelo xesha yayiyifilosofi yaseGrisi yaMandulo, emele imigaqo emibini:

1. Ama-Amorists kunye neengqungquthela abaphika ukufunwa kwemilinganiselo yokuziphatha kubo bonke. Ngokomzekelo, i-sophist i-Protagoras ikholelwa ukuba into kunye nenjongo yokuziphatha imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, inqanaba elingaqinisekanga, elitshintsha phantsi kwexesha. Kukwahlu lohlobo, kuba abantu ngabanye ngexesha elithile liba nezisekelo zabo zokuziphatha.
2. Baye bajamelana neengqondo ezinjengeSocrates, uPlato, uAristotle, owadala isifundo sokuziphatha njengesazi yokuziphatha kunye neEpicurus. Bekholelwa ukuba isiseko sobuhle sivumelanisa phakathi kwengqondo kunye nemizwa. Ngoluvo lwabo, aluzange lunikezwe oothixo, oko kuthetha ukuba sisixhobo esivumela umntu ukuba ahlule izenzo ezilungileyo ezimbi.

Kwakuyi-Aristotle emsebenzini wakhe "Iimfundiso" ezahlula iimpawu zokuziphatha zomntu kwiintlobo ezimbini:

• Ukuziphatha, oko kukuthi, kuhambelana nomsindo kunye nomoya;
• I-Dianoethic - enxulumene nokuphuhliswa kwengqondo yomntu kunye nokukwazi ukuphazamisa umnqweno ngoncedo lokuqiqa.

Ngokuka-Aristotle, umxholo wokuziphatha uyimfundiso e-3-malunga neyona nto iphezulu kakhulu, malunga nobuhle ngokubanzi nakwi-private, kwaye into yokufunda ngumntu. Nguye owazisa umgaqo wokuziphatha (ukuziphatha) yimihlaba efunyenweyo yomphefumlo. Wavelisa ingcamango yomntu onobubele.

Epicurus and Stoics

Ngokuchasene no-Aristotle, u-Epicurus waqhubela phambili ingcamango yakhe yokuziphatha, ngokubhekiselele kulokho ubomi obukhokelela ekuwaneliseni iimfuno ezisisiseko kunye neminqweno evuyayo kwaye enomdla, kuba ifikeleleka lula, nto leyo ithetha ukuba bayenza loo mntu unomxholo kunye nomxholo.

Umzila ogqithiseleyo emva kukaAristotle ekuphuhliseni imigaqo yokuziphatha yashiya amaStoyiki. Bakholelwa ukuba zonke izidima (ezilungileyo kunye nobubi) zifakwa kumntu kunye nakwihlabathi elijikelezile. Injongo yabantu kukuhlakulela ngokwabo impawu ezinxulumene nokulungileyo, nokuqhelanisa nokuqala kokubi. Abameli beStoyike bebaninzi ababethayo babe yiZeno eGrisi, uSeneca noMarcus Aurelius eRoma.

Imilinganiselo ephakathi

Ngeli xesha, umxholo wokuziphatha ukhuthaza ukufundiswa kwamaKristu, njengoko ihlabathi laqala ukulawula ukuziphatha kwezenkolo. Injongo ephambili yomntu ngexesha eliphakathi kwinkonzo kuThixo, eguqulelwe ngeemfundiso zikaKristu ngokumthanda kwakhe.

Ukuba abafilosofi basendulo babekholelwa ukuba ubuhle yipropati kwanoma yimuphi umntu kunye nomsebenzi wakhe kukubaphindaphinda kwicala lokulunga ukuze bavumelane kunye nehlabathi, ngoko ngokuphuhliswa kobuKristu baba yinceba kaThixo yokuba uMdali ufaka abantu okanye ayikho.

Iingcali ezidumileyo zefilosofi zale xesha nguAgasine Uyolo noTomas Aquinas. Ngokweyokuqala, imiyalelo yayikugqibeleleyo, ekubeni yayivela kuThixo. Lowo ohlala kuyo aze adumise uMdali, uya kufika kuye ezulwini, kwaye ezinye zilungiselelwe esihogweni. Kwakhona, uSt. Augustine uthe akukho nhlobo efana nobubi endalo. Yenziwa ngabantu kunye neengelosi ezijika kuMdali ngenxa yobukho babo.

UTomas Aquinas waya phambili, evakalisa ukuba ukuvuyisa ebomini akunakwenzeka - sisiseko sesemva kokufa. Ngaloo ndlela, isihloko sokuziphatha kwi-Middle Ages sathintana nomntu kunye neempawu zakhe, ukunikela kwiingcamango zesonto malunga nehlabathi kunye nendawo yokuhlala kuyo.

Iindlela ezintsha zokuziphatha

Isigaba esitsha ekuphuhlisweni kwefilosofi kunye nokuziphatha kuqala ngokugatywa kokuziphatha njengoko uThixo uya kunikwa umntu kwiMithetho Eyishumi. Umzekelo, uSpinoza wathi uMdali ungumntu, imbangela yento yonke ekhona, esebenza ngokwemithetho yayo. Wayekholelwa ukuba kwihlabathi elijikelezileyo akukho nto imbi neyobubi, kukho imeko kuphela apho umntu enza ngendlela enye. Ukuqonda oko kukunceda kunye nokonakalisa ukulondolozwa kobomi, kunquma uhlobo lwabantu kunye neempawu zabo zokuziphatha.

Ngokutsho kweSpinoza, umxholo kunye nemisebenzi yokuziphatha kuyisifundo sokungaphumeleli kwabantu kunye nobuchule kwinkqubo yokufuna ulonwabo, kwaye kwisiseko sabo sinomnqweno wokuzimela.

U-Immanuel Kant, ngokuchaseneyo, wayekholelwa ukuba ingundoqo yento yonke inkululeko yokuzikhethela, eyinxalenye yomsebenzi wokuziphatha. Umthetho wakhe wokuqala wokuziphatha ufunda: "Yenza ntoni kuwe nakwabanye bahlale beqonda ukuba ingqiqo ayiyi kuba yindlela yokufezekisa, kodwa injongo."

Ekuqaleni, ububi obuvela kumntu (u-egoism) luphakathi kwezenzo kunye neenjongo. Ukuphakama ngaphezu kwayo, abantu bafanele babonise intlonipho ngokupheleleyo kubo bobabini kunye nobuntu babo. Kwakuyi-Kant oye wachaza inkcazo yokuziphatha ngokufutshane kwaye kufumaneka njengezesayensi yefilosofi eyayimi ngaphandle kwezinye iifom, ukudala iifom yeembono zokuziphatha kwihlabathi, kwilizwe nakwizombusazwe.

Iimfundiso zanamhlanje

Ngenkulungwane ye-20, ukuziphatha njengesazinzululwazi ukuziphatha, ngokusekelwe kwintlondi kunye nokuhlonela ubomi. Ukubonakaliswa kwezinto ezilungileyo kwaqala ukujongwa kwinqanaba lokungaziphindaphindi ububi. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kule ngcamango yembono yokuziphatha yehlabathi ngokusebenzisa i-lens yezinto ezilungileyo ibonakaliswe nguT Leo Tolstoy.

Ubundlobongela buvelisa ubundlobongela kwaye buyandisa intlungu nokubandezeleka-oku kuyisisusa esiyinqobo salo mgaqo. Kwakhona wabambelela kuMnu Gandhi, owayefuna ukwenza iNdiya ikhululeke ngaphandle kokusetyenziswa kogonyamelo. Ngokombono wakhe, uthando luyona sixhobo esinamandla kakhulu, sisebenza ngamandla anjalo kunye nokuchaneka njengemithetho esemiselweyo yendalo, umzekelo, ukukhankanya.

Kule mihla, amazwe amaninzi afikile ekuqondeni ukuba ukuziphatha okungabikho kobugwenxa kunika iziphumo eziphambili kwisisombululo seengxabano, nangona kungenakubizwa ngokuba yi-passive. Unendlela ezimbini zokubhikisha: engekho intsebenziswano kunye nokungathobeli kwabantu.

Iimpawu zokuziphatha

Enye yeziseko zeemilinganiselo zokuziphatha zangoku ifilosofi ka-Albert Schweitzer - umsunguli weempawu zokuhlonela ubomi. Ingqiqo yakhe yayikuhlonela yonke imihla ngaphandle kokuhlukanisa into efanelekileyo, ephezulu okanye ephantsi, eyigugu okanye engenamsebenzi.

Ngelo xesha, waqonda ukuba, ngenxa yeemeko, abantu bangasindisa ubomi babo ngokuthatha omnye umntu. Kwintliziyo yefilosofi yinto ekhethiweyo yokukhetha umntu ngokubhekiselele ekulondolozeni ubomi, ukuba imeko iyavuma, kwaye ayiyi kuhoxiswa ngokungathandabuzeki kuyo. Iindlela eziphambili zokuthintela ububi eSwitwezer zibhekiselele ekuzikhanyeleni, ukuxolelwa kunye nenkonzo kubantu.

Kweli hlabathi lanamhlanje, ukuziphatha njengenzululwazi ayigxininisi imigaqo yokuziphatha, kodwa izifundo kwaye zihlukanisa iinjongo eziqhelekileyo kunye nemigangatho, ukuqonda okuqhelekileyo kokuziphatha kunye nokubaluleka kwayo kubomi bomntu kunye noluntu jikelele.

Ingcamango yokuziphatha

Ukuziphatha (ukuziphatha) yinkcubeko yenzululwazi eyenza isiseko esisisiseko sabantu. Yonke imisebenzi yabantu isekelwe kwimimiselo yokuziphatha eyaziwayo kuluntu abahlala kuyo.

Ulwazi lwemiqathango yokuziphatha kunye nokuziphatha kokuziphatha kunceda abantu ukuba bajonge phakathi kwabanye. Imilinganiselo yendlela yokuziphatha ibuye isalathisi somlinganiselo wemfanelo yomntu ngezenzo zabo.

Iimpawu zokuziphatha nezomoya ziveliswa ukususela ebuntwaneni. Ukususela kwimfundiso, ngenxa yezenzo ezilungileyo kwabanye, ziba yinto ebonakalayo kunye nentsuku zonke zobomi babantu, kwaye ukuphulwa kwabo kuthethwa ngabantu.

Imiba yokuziphatha

Ekubeni i-ethics iqhuba iinjongo zokuziphatha kunye nendawo yayo ebomini yoluntu, isisombulula iingxaki ezilandelayo:

• Uchaza ukuziphatha kusukela kwimbali yolwakhiwo lwangaphambili kwimigaqo kunye nemigangatho ekhethekileyo kuluntu lwangoku;
• Inikeza ukubonakaliswa kokuziphatha ngokubhekiselele kwimiba yayo "efanelekileyo" kunye "ekhona";
• Ufundisa abantu iinkqubo zokuziphatha eziphambili , unikeza ulwazi malunga nokulungileyo nokubi, kunceda ukuphucula ngokwakho ukukhetha ukuqonda kwakho "ubomi obufanelekileyo".

Ndiyabulela kule nzululwazi, ukuvavanya indlela yokuziphatha kwezenzo zabantu kunye nolwalamano lwabo lwakhiwe ngokuqhelanisa nokuqonda, okulungileyo okanye okubi.

Iintlobo zokuziphatha

Kwintlalo yanamhlanje, imisebenzi yabantu kwiinkalo ezininzi zobomi ixhamene kakhulu, ngoko umxholo wokuziphatha ucinga kwaye uphando ngeentlobo ezahlukeneyo:

• Imilinganiselo yentsapho ijongene nolwalamano lwabantu bomtshato;
• Imigaqo yezoshishino - imimiselo nemithetho yokwenza ishishini;
• Uphononongo lwezobugcisa ubudlelwane beqela;
• Izitimela zendlela yokuziphatha yokuziphatha kunye nezifundo zokuziphatha kwabantu kwindawo yabo yokusebenzela.

Namhlanje amazwe amaninzi azisa imithetho yokuziphatha ngokubhekiselele kwisigwebo sokufa, i-euthanasia kunye nokufakelwa kwezitho zabasebenzi. Njengoko uluntu luqhubeka luguqukela, iimfundiso zitshintsha kwakhona.