Inkcubeko Intetho: imithetho kwiziseko

Abantu bahlala eluntwini, kwaye unxibelelwano - yinxalenye yobukho bomntu. Ngoko ke, ngaphandle akafane ngendaleko bengqondo bekuya kuba kunokwenzeka. Ekuqaleni babezama ukunxibelelana, ezifana intetho baby, ngokuthe ngcembe, nokufika impucuko, waqalisa ukuphucula. Kwakukho ileta, kwaye yaba nje ngomlomo kodwa ngokubhala, nto leyo yanceda kulondolozwe impumelelo uluntu ukuba izizukulwana ezizayo. Kuba ezi ezikhumbuzo kungaba ukulandela kunye nophuhliso izithethe ulwimi oluthethwayo. Yintoni inkcubeko yokuthetha kunye nenkcubeko yokuthetha? Yintoni na imigangatho yazo? Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuba ukufunda inkcubeko ilizwi labo? Yonke imibuzo baya kuphendula eli nqaku.

Yintoni amasiko intetho?

Oku - yinto uhlobo lonxibelelwano ngomlomo phakathi kwabantu. Oku kubandakanya ukusekwa kunye nokusungulwa ngezimvo, kwelinye icala, kunye imbono kunye nokuqonda - kwelinye icala.

Inkcubeko - igama kunye neentsingiselo ezininzi, kodwa ke into yokufunda lwamacandelo ezininzi. Kukho kwakhona ixabiso olusondeleyo phakathi kwentsingiselo yonxibelelwano kunye nentetho. Yinto yinxalenye yenkcubeko ezinxulumene nokusetyenziswa lwemiqondiso ngamazwi, elibhekisela ulwimi imvelaphi yakhe uhlanga, iintlobo esebenza kunye nezentlalo, kunye nefom zomlomo nezibhaliweyo.

Thina - yinxalenye yobomi babantu, yaye ngoko ke kufuneka bakwazi ukuthetha kakuhle kwaye kakuhle ngombhalo ngomlomo.

Ngenxa yoko, inkcubeko yokuthetha kunye nenkcubeko yokuthetha - into ke ilifa kwemimiselo zolwimi, ukukwazi ukusebenzisa iindlela zakhe yokuvakalisa izimvo ezahlukeneyo iimeko.

Culture yokuthetha, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngabaluphi uhlanga ukuthetha, zaphuma ngokuthe ngcembe. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, kwafuneka ukuba nokumisa ulwazi ezikhoyo ngolu lwimi. Ngaloo wabonakala icandelo Ezolimi, ekuthiwa inkcubeko zentetho. Eli candelo uphonononga imiba kuqheleke ulwimi ngenjongo zokuphucula yayo.

Indlela ukwakha inkcubeko yokuthetha?

inkcubeko Speech kunye nenkcubeko yokuthetha njengesebe Ezolimi bavela ngokwamanqanaba. Zibonisa zonke iinguqu ezenzekileyo kwi-lwimi. Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala ukulungisa imithetho yokubhala bacinga ngenkulungwane XVIII, xa uluntu waqonda ukuba ukungabikho imithetho efanayo leta yenza kube nzima ukunxibelelana. Ngowe-1748 V. K. Trediakovsky wabhala upelo Russian emsebenzini wakhe "Incoko phakathi komntu upelo zahluke Russian omdala kunye omtsha."

Kodwa iziseko igrama kunye nesimbo ulwimi lweenkobe wabeka M. Lermontov emsebenzini wakhe "Igrama Russian" yaye "ubuciko" (1755, 1743-1748).

Ngenkulungwane XIX, N. V. Koshansky, AF Merzlyakov kunye A. I. galich ukuncedisa kwithala leencwadi kophando ntetho ngomsebenzi wakhe kwi mpendulo.

Zeelwimi ixesha pre-mbuso, waqonda ukubaluleka imithetho ixabiso ulwimi. Ngowe-1911 incwadi wabonakala V. I. Chernyshevskogo "intetho ezicocekileyo kwaye zichanekile Russian. Amava Russian igrama zesimbo, "apho umbhali ihlalutya nemithetho yolwimi Russian.

ixesha Post-revolution yaba lixesha xa izanyazanyiswa izithethe ezisekiweyo inkcubeko yokuthetha. Ngoko imisebenzi yasekuhlaleni abantu abakwenzayo, apho sasiba koba ilula kwaye izele isitsotsi lwesigodi amabinzana. ulimi ukuba sele zisemngciphekweni ukuba, ngo 1920, aluyiyo umaleko nezazi eSoviet. Yena walwa ekuhlambululeni ulwimi Russian, yanikwa ufakelo, ngokutsho apho "inginginya" kwafuneka ukuba sizuze inkcubeko sabasebenzi. Ngelo xesha kukho ingcamango "inkcubeko ulwimi" kunye "nenkcubeko yokuthetha." La magama asetyenziswa okokuqala ngokunxulumene, ulwimi olutsha zingaguquka.

Kule minyaka yasemva kwemfazwe, inkcubeko intetho njengendlela yokuziqeqesha uyalinandipha isiganeko esitsha kuphuhliso. Igalelo elibalulekileyo ingqeqesho wenza SI Ozhegov njengoko umbhali "Dictionary of the Language Russian" kunye E. S. Istrina njengoko umbhali "nemithetho yolwimi Russian kunye nenkcubeko yokuthetha."

50-60-imi- lwekhulu XX yaba lixesha ukubunjwa yokuthetha njenge uqeqesho elizimeleyo:

• Yanyatheliswa "Igrama Russian".
• Cacisa imigaqo zentetho yenzululwazi.
• iintlelo Ndazibika "Dictionary of ulwimi Russian zoncwadi."
• Xa Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences USSR icandelo yokuthetha ivela phantsi kolwalathiso S. I. Ozhegova. Phantsi editorship yakhe kalindixesha "Imiba zentetho."
• V. V. Vinogradov, D. E. Rosenthal kunye L. Skvortsov ukusebenza ngenxa theoretical component eminye imibuzo. Kwangcwaliselwa umsebenzi wabo ukungcola phakathi amagama amabini - "Inkcubeko yokuthetha" kunye "nenkcubeko ulwimi".

Ngowe-1970 inkcubeko intetho iba isiyalo elizimeleyo. Uvela intloko, injongosenzi, iindlela kunye namacebo zophando lwezenzululwazi.

Kwiilwimi 90 Akukho kude emva ukusuka neyezingaphambili. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XX ngaphandle Mininzi imisebenzi enikelwe ingxaki zentetho.

Uphuhliso intetho kunye nenkcubeko lonxibelelwano ngomlomo kuqhubeka ukuba yenye yeengxaki kweelwimi eyiyo. Namhlanje ingqalelo izazinzulu ngeelwimi igxile kwimiba enjalo.

• Ukusekwa unxibelelwano lwangaphakathi phakathi ngokuvela inkcubeko yokuthetha yoluntu kunye nophuhliso lwenkcubeko yesizwe.
• Ukuphuculwa ulwimi mihla Russian, kuthathelwa ingqalelo utshintsho oluqhubekayo ingqalelo kuyo.
• Uhlalutyo ziinzululwazi iinkqubo ezenzekayo xa kusenziwa kwintetho yanamhlanje.

Ziziphi iimpawu kunye neempawu kwiinkcubeko zomlomo?

inkcubeko yokuthetha Ezolimi kukho inani iipropati ezikhethekileyo kunye neempawu, nayo isiseko ubhalo ngenxa nesenzeko bafunda:

1. Ichanekile. Intetho Ulungelelaniso kunye indlela yokubiza amagama, imithetho zegrama zesimbo ulwimi. Ngokutsho kwabo, ukuze ukubeka kakuhle indlela yokubiza amagama athi ngokungqinelana nemigaqo yegrama. Kufuneka isetyenziswe ngokungqinelana ngeendlela imeko yonxibelelwano intetho.
2. bona bakhe boqhagamshelwano. Oku kubandakanya ubuchule bokusebenzisa iimeko ezifanelekileyo ngokunxibelelana amagama ukushiyana zesimbo namabinzana.
3. Ukuchaneka kwale ngxelo. Oku kuthetha ukuba semthethweni yokuvakalisa ngomlomo kunye ngqo kwebinzana ilizwi.
4. Ukuzinza-ntetho. kuyinyani izibakala bobukho ubudlelwane babo, semthethweni hypothesis ecetywayo, ubukho nobubi kunye nesiphelo, ukungqinelana okanye ukuchasa oko hypothesis.
5. Ingcaciso kunye nokufikeleleka-ntetho. Kuthetha ukuba interlocutors intetho ukuvakala. Le njongo enokwen- ukusetyenziswa mazwi acacile, amabinzana kunye izakhiwo zegrama.
6. Ubumsulwa zentetho. Kuthetha ukungabikho yokuthetha nemigangatho yalapha ngolwimi zokubhala kunye nezinto yokuziphatha - gama-gazi, ukubetha kolwimi, amagama Indies, barbarisms, kwiintetho kunye namagama inhlamba.
7. Imizwa. A indlela ngokunikezela material leyo anomdla ngayo kumphulaphuli. Yena ulwazi (abaphulaphuli abanomdla ulwazi) neemvakalelo (abaphulaphuli abanomdla ngokwendlela ntetho inkcazelo).
8. Phantsi ezahlukeneyo ngendlela yokuthetha kufuneka iqondwe ukukwazi ukusebenzisa inani elikhulu ntonye. Isithethi unalo umthamo omkhulu ngayo isigama iyasetyenziswa esebenzayo.
9. Sobuhle - na eli ligatya ulwimi ulimi ekhubekisayo. Ukwenza bayo zentetho, ukusetyenziswa kwamagama cala ngokweemvakalelo.
10. Ukufaneleka - ukhetho kunye nokucwangciswa kwizibonelelo ulwimi ngendlela kunceda ukufikelela kwiinjongo kunye neemeko zonxibelelwano.

Yazi iziseko inkcubeko intetho kusebenza ukuba khona - yemini umntu abafundileyo.

Yintoni na uhlobo inkcubeko yokuthetha?

Uhlobo inkcubeko yokuthetha - into uphawu abathetha ulwimi kuxhomekeka nakwizinga lolwazi. Into ebalulekileyo uyakwazi ukusebenzisa ulwimi kunye nezixhobo. Apha indima ebalulekileyo edlalwa indlela aphuhliswe kakuhle unxibelelwano ngomlomo, inkcubeko yokuthetha. Makhe sihlolisise ngokweenkcukacha.

Iintlobo inkcubeko yabo zohlulwa ngokwendidi ezintandathu eziphambili:

• Ebakumgangatho ophezulu. Oku kubonisa ukufunda ngolwimi amathuba akhoyo, kuquka ubugcisa. Olu hlobo ibandakanya ukubambelela ngokungqongqo yonke imigaqo yolwimi kunye nokuvalwa ekusetyenzisweni kwakhona kunye nejagoni.
• Mid-zoncwadi. ukuthotyelwa ezingagqitywanga, ezincwadi eninzi yokuthetha okanye colloquialisms. Babethwele olu hlobo inkcubeko - inkoliso yabahlali ufundile zasezidolophini. ukusasazeka kwayo ngemisebenzi mihla zobugcisa kunye namajelo eendaba.
• Ngoncwadi Indies kunye eziqhelekileyo, buncokola. Lubonakala ngokuba kwinqanaba elisezantsi isimbo coarseness yokuthetha, leyo ikufuphi ngolwimi lwenkobe. Ezi ntlobo zibizwa uhlobo lolwimi zoncwadi kwaye usebenzise efanayo osasazo ukuba ezi entsatsheni close kunye nobuhlobo.
• Zabantu luphawulwa kwinqanaba eliphantsi lemfundo kunye nezenkcubeko ophethe. Kuyo kukho amagama ambalwa, ukungakwazi enohlobo ukwakha izivakalisi ezimbaxa, Nentabalala ukuthuka amazwi gazi. inani elikhulu bugs ezikhoyo kwintetho nasekubhaleni.
• Ngendlea-kuphela. Oku lubonakala ngokuba eliqingqiweyo handicap kunye nentetho seengcamango.

Yintoni na le mithetho?

Ngokusekelwe kule nkcazelo ingasentla, kuyimfuneko ukuchonga imigaqo engundoqo inkcubeko intetho:

• Olumisiweyo. It likhusela ngokuchaseneyo ukungena lolwimi loncwadi kunye nembonakalo Indies lwesigodi wandigcina kuyo ekhuselekileyo ngemilinganiselo eyamkelekileyo ngokubanzi.
• Boqhagamshelwano. Oku kuthetha ukukwazi ukusebenzisa imisebenzi ulwimi meko. Umzekelo, ukuchaneka intetho yenzululwazi kunye permissibility amabinzana olungalunganga kwincoko.
• Efanekileyo. Oku kubonisa ukuba yokuziphatha yokuthetha, oko kukuthi, izithethe yokuziphatha kunxibelelwano. umbuliso elisetyenzisiwe, unyango, izicelo, imibuzo.
• Imizwa. Oku kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa ngobuchule kunye neendlela yokuvakalisa izimvo kunye yokomfuziselo epithets intetho uhombiso, uthelekiso kunye nezinye iindlela.

Yintoni na ke ilizwi mpilo?

Siye sahlolisisa ingcamango "ulwimi lwekhompyutha", "inkcubeko yokuthetha 'njenge abanawo, leyo ubonakalise uluntu. Kodwa uluntu ubunjwe abantu. Ngenxa yoko, kukho uhlobo kwinkcubeko olwahlula ulwimi oluthethwayo yomntu ngamnye. Le nto ibizwa ngokuba 'intetho inkcubeko loo mntu. " Igama elithi kufuneka ziqondwe ubuhlobo indoda ulwazi lolwimi kunye nokukwazi ukusebenzisa kuyo nokuphucula, xa kukho imfuneko.

Akubalulekanga nje izakhono ukuthetha nokubhala, kodwa ukuphulaphula nokufunda. Ukuphelela umntu ngokunxibelelana kufuneka umnikazi bonke bephela. Wabagagamela ifuna ukwazi iisampuli, iimpawu kunye neepatheni ukwakha intetho ngokunxibelelana-ogqibeleleyo, ulwazi yokuziphatha kunye kwiziseko nangokwasengqondweni zonxibelelwano.

Speech wabantu nenkcubeko awumi ndawonye - oko kukuthi, njengokuba ulwimi, ixhomekeke utshintsho, leyo ixhomekeke utshintshwano zentlalo, yaye le ndoda ngokwayo. Uqala fomu nge amazwi okuqala komntwana. Sikhule kunye naye, similise inkcubeko kwintetho kokuya esikolweni, ngoko abantwana besikolo, abafundi kunye nabantu abadala. I omdala umntu, Ogqibeleleyo ngakumbi izakhono zakhe ukuthetha, ukubhala, ukufunda nokuphulaphula.

Yintoni umahluko Russian inkcubeko yokuthetha?

inkcubeko intetho Russian ibhekisa kwicandelo lwamacandelo, abo benza isifundo inkcubeko yesizwe zentetho. Zonke uhlanga ngexesha uphila na oyile norm olumnandi. Oko kulindelekile ukuba elinye iqela uhlanga inokuba angaphandle komnye. Ezi mpawu ziquka:

• awohluke nobuhlanga umfanekiso ulwimi zehlabathi;

• ukusetyenziswa ngokuphimiselayo nangokungaphimiseli-ngomlomo;

• ingqokelela yezicatshulwa, kuquka zonke iitekisi wakha abhalwe ngolwimi - yamandulo mihla.

Phantsi umfanekiso yobuhlanga zehlabathi ukuqonda zizo zonke izimvo zehlabathi amazwi namazwi ngolwimi oluthile, nto leyo kwabelwana ngabo bonke abantu abathetha ngayo, ndakubona ukuba abe yinto uzigqala njengezingabalulekanga. Kodwa ngokungafaniyo umfanekiso wesizwe zehlabathi kulula ukulandela nge ekuhlalutyeni lwemveli wasebenzisa epithets. Ngokomzekelo, ibinzana elithi 'intloko ukukhanya "yaye" intliziyo elungileyo' ukuthini ubukrelekrele ophezulu kunye ukuphendula. Nje kwenzeka ezi epithets unyule intloko nentliziyo, njengoko ekuqondeni kwabantu Russian ukucinga intloko, yaye uvakalelwa intliziyo. Kodwa kwezinye iilwimi, akunjalo. Ngokomzekelo, ngolwimi ifaluk neemvakalelo zangaphakathi kwathi emathunjini, ngolwimi lwe Dogon - isibindi, yaye musa obuvayo entliziyweni ngesiHebhere, yaye ucinga.

Xa ukweliphi inqanaba na inkcubeko mihla Russian zentetho?

inkcubeko kwintetho yanamhlanje ibonisa:

• iimpawu typological ulwimi Russian;
• yayo kwesicelo;
• umanyano yokuthetha emideni yonke le Russian Federation;
• ezahlukeneyo lwengingqi ulwimi Russian;
• izicatshulwa ezibhaliweyo zomlomo, hayi kuphela ubugcisa, kodwa kubaluleke lesizwe, uthabathe iingcamango zentetho okulungileyo nokuthe tye malunga iimpumelelo nenzululwazi ulwimi Russian.

Russian yokuziphatha intetho

Phantsi Russian yokuziphatha intetho ukuqonda uludwe lwemimiselo-siseko kunye nemigaqo zonxibelelwano, eziye kwasekwa phantsi kwempembelelo inkcubeko yesizwe.

Russian yokuziphatha yokuthetha ezahlula unxibelelwano olusesikweni nolungekho sikweni. Ezisesikweni - unxibelelwano phakathi kwabantu abo akazazi omnye nomnye. Babelana isiganeko okanye ithuba apho badibana. unxibelelwano olunjalo kufuna intlonipho olomeleleyo ngenxa yokuziphatha. Ngokwahlukileyo kulo isimbo, unxibelelwano sikweni kwenzeka phakathi kwabantu abazi nenye. Le usapho, abahlobo, izalamane, abamelwane.

Iimpawu yokuziphatha yokuthetha eRashiya lubonisa isibheno kumntu wena kwi unxibelelwano olusesikweni. Kulo mzekelo, kufuneka uqhagamshelane elinye iqela ngegama kunye patronymic. Oku kuyimfuneko, njengoko imilo efanayo "Nkosi", "UMnu", "uNksk" okanye "Nkosazana" in Russian intetho yokuziphatha emsebenzini. Kukho jikelele "manene nani manenekazi", kodwa ifaka kuzo inani elikhulu labantu. In pre-revolution iRussia unyango ezifana mnumzana Somlomo, kodwa kokufika kwiBolsheviks baye endaweni amagama afana ummi olidlelane nokuba ngummi. Ngenxa ngokuwa eSoviet Union igama elithi "comrade" uphumile umhla kwaye wafumana intsingiselo yawo yokuqala - "umhlobo" kunye "ummi" kunye "ummi" wazihlanganisa emapoliseni okanye enkundleni. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, kwaye, xa bawelileyo, yeza amazwi yokutsala ingqalelo indawo. Umzekelo, "Ndicela uxolo", "uxolo", "lusaqala ...".

Ngokungafaniyo inkcubeko intetho ye-West, kwizifundo ezininzi Russian ukuba ingxoxo - kwezopolitiko, usapho, umsebenzi. Kwangelo ngesondo efanayo ziyavalwa.

Ngokubanzi, inkcubeko intetho etiquette ukuba agxile ukusuka ebuntwaneni, yaye ekugqibeleni kuphuculwe, ukufumana ubuqili ngakumbi nangakumbi. Impumelelo yophuhliso yayo ixhomekeke intsapho, wakhula umntwana, kwaye ukusuka kwindawo apho yenzeka. Ukuba abantu ngeenxa zonke kuye cultured kakhulu, ngoko ke umntwana ubuchule olu hlobo lonxibelelwano. Kwelinye icala, sisetyenziswe uhlobo zomthonyama inkcubeko ntetho iya kufundisa umntwana wakho ukuba ukunxibelelana izivakalisi ezilula kunye lula.

Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukuba baphuhlise inkcubeko ilizwi labo?

Uphuhliso inkcubeko yokuthetha kuxhomekeke nje kokusingqongileyo yabantu, kodwa yena. Xa ndandineminyaka engqiqo, ukuba oyifunayo, oko kuphuhliswa ngokuzimeleyo. Ukuze wenze oku, kufuneka yonke imihla bachithe ixesha self-ingqesho. Ukuze enze yonke imisebenzi efunekayo kwiintsuku ezi-3, yaye iimfuno ezintsha mayiphindwe phambi nokwenziwa endala. Ngokuthe ngcembe kuya kuba lula ukwenza imisebenzi kuphela kunye; kodwa zodwa. Ekuqaleni, isifundo intetho inkcubeko uya kuthatha imizuzu eli-15-20, kodwa ngokuthe ngcembe uya kunyuka uye ngeyure.

1. Isigama. Ngokuba imisebenzi kufuneka ukuba uthathe nayiphi na itekisi yoncwadi nesichazi iilwimi Russian okanye kwamanye amazwe. Bhala phantsi uze ukrwele umgca onke amazwi enye inxalenye yokuthetha - izibizo, izichazi okanye izenzi. Kwaye ngoko uzame banciphise izithethantonye. Lo msebenzi nelikhuthaza isigama kwisixando sokwenziwa.

2. Esebenzisa up ibali ngamagama. Thatha nayiphi na incwadi, khetha kwi ngequbuliso amehlo ivaliwe 5 naziphi magama ze wenze ibali. Ngelo xesha nye ufuna ukuba ube ukuya kwiitekisi-4, nganye kuthatha malunga 3 ixesha imizuzu. Lo msebenzi likhuthaza uphuhliso ngqondweni, ukucinga ngombandela nokuqiqisisa wit. Option kunzima ngakumbi - ukwenza ibali ngaphandle amagama-10.

3. Incoko kunye esipilini. Ngokuba lo msebenzi uya kufuneka itekisi of reference 2. Yima phambi kwesipili kwaye uxelele ibali lakhe ngaphandle nembonakalo yobuso. Emva koko uyixoxe ibali okwesibini ngokudibanisa kunye nobuso. Hlalutya sobuso bakho kunye nesimbo esibalisayo ngokuphendula imibuzo emibini - "Ngaba ungathanda sobuso bakho kunye indlela yokudlulisela inkcazelo" yaye "nokuba bayathanda abanye." Lo msebenzi lujoliswe ekuphuhliseni lo mkhwa ngabom ukulawula zobuso babo.

4. Ngokuphulaphula kunye isishicileli ngezwi. Lo msebenzi uza kunceda ukuba kuva kwicala thina kuchongwe amandla kunye nobuthathaka intetho yakhe yaye, ke ngoko, ukuba balungise iziphene kwaye ukuba ufunde ukusebenzisa indlela eziluncedo ngayo imikhwa yabo incoko. Usenokucaphula rekhoda yeyiphi itekisi yobugcisa okanye umbongo. Phulaphulani, ukuhlalutya, njengoko umsebenzi elidlulileyo, uze uzame ukuba uyixoxe okanye ukucengceleza okwesihlandlo sesibini elilungiswe ingqalelo.

5. Incoko nomnye umntu. Olu hlobo lokuzilolonga inceda ukuphuhlisa izakhono zencoko. Ukuba kukho abantu abenza le mithambo phakathi abahlobo okanye omaziyo, ungenza uvavanyo nomnye wabo 2. Ukuba akunjalo, cela umntu akuncede. Ukuze wenze oku, lungiselela kwangaphambili isihloko ncoko kunye nesicwangciso. usukelo lwakho - to umdla interlocutor, ukuze umdla womyeni wakhe ubambe ingqalelo esingekho ngaphantsi kwe-5 imizuzu. Lo msebenzi sele sigqityiwe, ukuba amacala wathetha phezu 3-4 kule ilandelayo ubhale ngawo.

Uphuhliso inkcubeko yokuthetha kufuna uqeqesho rhoqo - kuphela kulo mzekelo, impumelelo akuhambi.